CIA, a Novel Estrogen Receptor Coactivator with a Bifunctional Nuclear Receptor Interacting Determinant

Abstract

Coregulators for nuclear receptors (NR) are factors that either enhance or repress their transcriptional activity. Both coactivators and corepressors have been shown to use similar but functionally distinct NR interacting determinants containing the core motifs LxxLL and ΦxxΦΦ, respectively. These interactions occur through a hydrophobic cleft located on the surface of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the NR and are regulated by ligand-dependent activation function 2 (AF-2). In an effort to identify novel coregulators that function independently of AF-2, we used the LBD of the orphan receptor RVR (which lacks AF-2) as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen. This strategy led to the cloning of a nuclear protein referred to as CIA (coactivator independent of AF-2 function) that possesses both repressor and activator functions. Strikingly, we observed that CIA not only interacts with RVR and Rev-ErbAα in a ligand-independent manner but can also form complexes with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and ERβ in vitro and enhances ERα transcriptional activity in the presence of estradiol (E₂). CIA-ERα interactions were found to be independent of AF-2 and enhanced by the antiestrogens EM-652 and ICI 182,780 but not by 4-hydroxytamoxifen and raloxifene. We further demonstrate that CIA-ERα interactions require the presence within CIA of a novel bifunctional NR recognition determinant containing overlapping LxxLL and ΦxxΦΦ motifs. The identification and functional characterization of CIA suggest that hormone binding can create a functional coactivator interaction interface in the absence of AF-2.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Financial support was provided by the Canadian Institute for Health Research (CIHR). A. N. Moraitis is the recipient of a training grant from the Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec. V. Giguère holds a CIHR senior scientist career award.