p21^Cip1 and p27^Kip1Regulate Cell Cycle Reentry after Hypoxic Stress but Are Not Necessary for Hypoxia-Induced Arrest

Abstract

We investigated the role of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21^Cip1 and p27^Kip1 in cell cycle regulation during hypoxia and reoxygenation. While moderate hypoxia (1 or 0.1% oxygen) does not significantly impair bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, at very low oxygen tensions (0.01% oxygen) DNA replication is rapidly shut down in immortalized mouse embryo fibroblasts. This S-phase arrest is intact in fibroblasts lacking the cyclin kinase inhibitors p21^Cip1 and p27^Kip1, indicating that these molecules are not essential elements of the arrest pathway. Hypoxia-induced arrest is accompanied by dephosphorylation of pRb and inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, which results in part from inhibitory phosphorylation. Interestingly, cells lacking the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein also display arrest under hypoxia, suggesting that pRb is not an essential mediator of this response. Upon reoxygenation, DNA synthesis resumes by 3.5 h and reaches aerobic levels by 6 h. Cells lacking p21, however, resume DNA synthesis more rapidly upon reoxygenation than wild-type cells, suggesting that this inhibitor may play a role in preventing premature reentry into the cell cycle upon cessation of the hypoxic stress. While p27 null cells did not exhibit rapid reentry into the cell cycle, cells lacking both p21 and p27 entered S phase even more aggressively than those lacking p21 alone, revealing a possible secondary role for p27 in this response. Cdk2 activity is also restored more rapidly in the double-knockout cells when returned to normoxia. These studies reveal that restoration of DNA synthesis after hypoxic stress, but not the S phase arrest itself, is regulated by p21 and p27.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by NIH grants PO1 CA67166 and CA64489 to A.J.G. S.L.G. was supported in part by a Lucille P. Markey fellowship in Molecular Mechanisms of Disease.

We thank James Roberts for the wild-type, p21^−/−, p27^−/−, and p21^−/− p27^−/−fibroblasts and the cyclin E antibody; Greg Hannon for the p21 antibody; and Scott Lowe for the wild-type, Rb^−/−, and p130^−/− fibroblasts. We also thank members of the Giaccia and Roberts labs for useful advice and assistance.