Gadd153 Sensitizes Cells to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by Down-Regulating Bcl2 and Perturbing the Cellular Redox State

Abstract

gadd153, also known as chop, is a highly stress-inducible gene that is robustly expressed following disruption of homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (so-called ER stress). Although all reported types of ER stress induce expression of Gadd153, its role in the stress response has remained largely undefined. Several studies have correlated Gadd153 expression with cell death, but a mechanistic link between Gadd153 and apoptosis has never been demonstrated. To address this issue we employed a cell model system in which Gadd153 is constitutively overexpressed, as well as two cell lines in which Gadd153 expression is conditional. In all cell lines, overexpression of Gadd153 sensitized cells to ER stress. Investigation of the mechanisms contributing to this effect revealed that elevated Gadd153 expression results in the down-regulation of Bcl2 expression, depletion of cellular glutathione, and exaggerated production of reactive oxygen species. Restoration of Bcl2 expression in Gadd153-overexpressing cells led to replenishment of glutathione and a reduction in levels of reactive oxygen species, and it protected cells from ER stress-induced cell death. We conclude that Gadd153 sensitizes cells to ER stress through mechanisms that involve down-regulation of Bcl2 and enhanced oxidant injury.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Robert Wersto, Joe Chrest, and Christa Morris for their assistance with the flow cytometry experiments described in the manuscript. We also thank David Ron for generously providing us with the gadd153/chop knockout cells, as well as M. Matsumoto and S. Akira for their gift of the pORSVI-CHOPFlag and P3′SS vectors used to generate the cell lines that conditionally express Gadd153.

Lars-O. Klotz is a recipient of a postdoctoral fellowship from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Bonn, Germany (KL 1245/1-1).