Selectable System for Monitoring the Instability of CTG/CAG Triplet Repeats in Mammalian Cells

Abstract

Despite substantial progress in understanding the mechanism by which expanded CTG/CAG trinucleotide repeats cause neurodegenerative diseases, little is known about the basis for repeat instability itself. By taking advantage of a novel phenomenon, we have developed a selectable assay to detect contractions of CTG/CAG triplets. When inserted into an intron in the APRT gene or the HPRT minigene, long tracts of CTG/CAG repeats (more than about 33 repeat units) are efficiently incorporated into mRNA as a new exon, thereby rendering the encoded protein nonfunctional, whereas short repeat tracts do not affect the phenotype. Therefore, contractions of long repeats can be monitored in large cell populations, by selecting for HPRT⁺ or APRT⁺ clones. Using this selectable system, we determined the frequency of spontaneous contractions and showed that treatments with DNA-damaging agents stimulate repeat contractions. The selectable system that we have developed provides a versatile tool for the analysis of CTG/CAG repeat instability in mammalian cells. We also discuss how the effect of long CTG/CAG repeat tracts on splicing may contribute to the progression of polyglutamine diseases.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Fung Chan for excellent technical help and Robert Wells and members of his laboratory for help and advice.

V.G. and A.S. contributed equally to this research.

This work was supported by a Human Frontier of Science postdoctoral fellowship to V.G. and an NIH grant (GM38219) and a Muscular Dystrophy Association grant to J.H.W.