Loss of Sin3/Rpd3 Histone Deacetylase Restores the DNA Damage Response in Checkpoint-Deficient Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract

We previously reported that expression of the human forkhead/winged helix transcription factor, CHES1 (checkpoint suppressor 1; FOXN3), suppresses sensitivity to DNA damage and restores damage-induced G₂/M arrest in checkpoint-deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that a functional glutathione S-transferase-Ches1 fusion protein binds in vivo to Sin3, a component of the S. cerevisiae Sin3/Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex. Checkpoint mutant strains with SIN3 deleted show increased resistance to UV irradiation, which is not further enhanced by CHES1 expression. Conversely, overexpression of SIN3 blocks the Ches1-mediated G₂/M delay in response to DNA damage, which is consistent with Ches1 acting by inhibiting the Sin3/Rpd3 complex. Deletion of either SIN3 or RPD3 in rad9 or mec1 checkpoint mutant strains suppresses sensitivity to replication blocks and DNA damage resulting from Cdc9 ligase deficiency and UV irradiation. SIN3 or RPD3 deletions also restored G₂/M arrest after DNA damage without concomitant Rad53 phosphorylation in mec1 mutant strains. This DNA damage response is absent in mad1 spindle checkpoint mutants. These data suggest that modulation of chromatin structure may regulate checkpoint responses in S. cerevisiae. Inhibition of histone deacetylation results in a DNA damage checkpoint response mediated by the spindle checkpoint pathway that compensates for loss of the primary DNA damage checkpoint pathway.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We extend thanks to Debananda Pati, Jim Huang, and Lisa Wang for technical support and helpful discussions. We also thank Zafar Nawaz, Steve Elledge, and Vicki Lundblad for advice, yeast strains, and other reagents.

This work was supported by grant DAMD17-98-1-8023 to K.L.S. from the U.S. Army and grant RO1-GM57426 to S.E.P. from the National Institutes of Health.