Involvement of Long Terminal Repeat U3 Sequences Overlapping the Transcription Control Region in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 mRNA 3′ End Formation

Abstract

In retroviral proviruses, the poly(A) site is present in both long terminal repeats (LTRs) but used only in the 3′ position. One mechanism to account for this selective poly(A) site usage is that LTR U3 sequences, transcribed only from the 3′ poly(A) site, are required in the RNA for efficient processing. To test this possibility, mutations were made in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) U3 region and the mutated LTRs were inserted into simple and complex transcription units. HIV-1 poly(A) site usage was then quantitated by S1 nuclease analysis following transfection of each construct into human 293 cells. The results showed that U3 sequences confined to the transcription control region were required for efficient usage of the HIV-1 poly(A) site, even when it was placed 1.5 kb from the promoter. Although the roles of U3 in processing and transcription activation were separable, optimal 3′ end formation was partly dependent on HIV-1 enhancer and SP1 binding site sequences.