JAK2 Associates with the β_c Chain of the Receptor for Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, and Its Activation Requires the Membrane-Proximal Region

Abstract

The high-affinity receptor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) consists of a unique α chain and a β_c subunit that is shared with the receptors for interleukin-3 (IL-3) and IL-5. Two regions of the β_c chain have been defined; these include a membrane-proximal region of the cytoplasmic domain that is required for mitogenesis and a membrane-distal region that is required for activation of Ras, Raf-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and S6 kinase. Recent studies have implicated the cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase JAK2 in signalling through a number of the cytokine receptors, including the IL-3 and erythropoietin receptors. In the studies described here, we demonstrate that GM-CSF stimulation of cells induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 and activates its in vitro kinase activity. Mutational analysis of the β_c chain demonstrates that only the membrane-proximal 62 amino acids of the cytosolic domain are required for JAK2 activation. Thus, JAK2 activation is correlated with induction of mitogenesis but does not, alone, activate the Ras pathway. Carboxyl truncations of the α chain, which inactivate the receptor for mitogenesis, are unable to mediate GM-CSF-induced JAK2 activation. Using baculovirus-expressed proteins, we further demonstrate that JAK2 physically associates with the β_c chain but not with the α chain. Together, the results further support the hypothesis that the JAK family of kinases are critical to coupling cytokine binding to tyrosine phosphorylation and ultimately mitogenesis.The high-affinity receptor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) consists of a unique α chain and a β_c subunit that is shared with the receptors for interleukin-3 (IL-3) and IL-5. Two regions of the β_c chain have been defined; these include a membrane-proximal region of the cytoplasmic domain that is required for mitogenesis and a membrane-distal region that is required for activation of Ras, Raf-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and S6 kinase. Recent studies have implicated the cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase JAK2 in signalling through a number of the cytokine receptors, including the IL-3 and erythropoietin receptors. In the studies described here, we demonstrate that GM-CSF stimulation of cells induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 and activates its in vitro kinase activity. Mutational analysis of the β_c chain demonstrates that only the membrane-proximal 62 amino acids of the cytosolic domain are required for JAK2 activation. Thus, JAK2 activation is correlated with induction of mitogenesis but does not, alone, activate the Ras pathway. Carboxyl truncations of the α chain, which inactivate the receptor for mitogenesis, are unable to mediate GM-CSF-induced JAK2 activation. Using baculovirus-expressed proteins, we further demonstrate that JAK2 physically associates with the β_c chain but not with the α chain. Together, the results further support the hypothesis that the JAK family of kinases are critical to coupling cytokine binding to tyrosine phosphorylation and ultimately mitogenesis.