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Abstract
Type II, PAN-based carbon fibers (unsized and commercially treated) have been exposed to nitric acid and oxygen plasma individually and also to combined nitric acid/oxygen plasma treatments and the surface compositions have been determined using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) and ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). Most of the oxygen on the as-received carbon fibers resides within the outermost 10-15 Å of the surface. Fiber exposure to nitric acid at 115°C for 20-90 min enhances the oxygen surface concentration to a point of saturation and the oxygen depth distribution is increased and becomes more uniform within the maximum XPS sampling depth (~60-100 Å). In addition, the fiber surface area is believed to be increased. After treating fibers to various degrees in nitric acid, subsequent exposure to oxygen plasma yields an additional increase in the surface oxygen content, particularly in the outermost fiber layers (10-15 Å). Under the conditions of the investigation, the maximum amount of surface oxidation occurs after sequential fiber exposure to nitric acid at 25°C for 30 s and oxygen plasma. As the extent of initial nitric acid treatment is increased, the synergism with subsequent plasma oxidation decreases, and the oxygen concentration becomes more uniform within the outer layers of the oxidized fibers. Overall, the data are consistent with a proposed oxidation mechanism in which oxygen plasma acts to enhance the surface density of oxygen on roughened and pitted nitric acid-oxidized fiber surfaces. As the duration of nitric acid exposure is increased, it is hypothesized that subsequent exposure to oxygen plasma smoothes the fiber surfaces but the surface density of oxygen remains essentially constant.