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Culture and Education
Cultura y Educación
Volume 24, 2012 - Issue 4
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Original Articles

Conocimientos iniciales y logros de los alumnos en el aprendizaje de la lectura y la escritura

Initial knowledge and pupils' achievement in literacy learning

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Pages 415-433 | Received 06 Jul 2010, Accepted 09 Dec 2011, Published online: 23 Jan 2014
 

Resumen

El aprendizaje de la lengua escrita, como cualquier otro aprendizaje, es un resultado conjunto del aprendiz y del entorno. En un primer estudio nos propusimos detectar los conocimientos que los niños demuestran en distintos ámbitos relacionados con el aprendizaje de la lectura y la escritura al inicio del último curso de Educación Infantil y al finalizar primero de Educación Primaria y establecer el peso relativo del nivel inicial de conocimientos en sus logros de aprendizaje. Participaron en el estudio 213 alumnos de diferentes zonas geográficas de España que concurrían a distintos tipos de centro y a aulas con diferentes prácticas docentes. Encontramos una incidencia significativa del nivel inicial de conocimientos en los logros de final de primero de Educación Primaria aunque se identificaron itinerarios de aprendizaje más o menos exitoso a partir del mismo nivel inicial. No se observaron diferencias significativas por zona geográfica, tipo de centro o perfil de prácticas docentes. En un segundo estudio, nos detuvimos en cuatro niños que presentaban itinerarios de aprendizaje diferentes con el propósito de descubrir las características de las interacciones de aula que puedan explicar esta diversidad de itinerarios. El seguimiento individualizado ha posibilitado descubrir ciertos procesos relacionados con el control por parte del aprendiz de los objetivos de la tarea, de la interacción con el adulto y con pares que parecen contribuir a un mejor aprendizaje.

Abstract

The learning of written language, like any other type of learning, is a joint result of learner and environment. In the first study we sought to detect the knowledge that children demonstrate in various literacy learning domains at the beginning of the last year of kindergarten and the end of the first year of primary school, in order to establish the relative weight of initial level of knowledge in their learning achievements. Participants in the study included 213 students from different regions of Spain who attended different types of schools and classrooms with different teachers' practices. We found a significant impact of the initial level of knowledge on success at the end of the first year of primary education. However various learning pathways were identified even in children starting from the same initial level. There were no significant differences by geographic region, type of school or profile of teaching practice. In the second study, we focused on four children who followed different learning pathways in order to discover the characteristics of classroom interactions that may explain this variety. This individualized monitoring has enabled the discovery of certain processes related to learner control of the task objectives and interactions with adults and peers that seem to contribute to better learning.

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