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Articles

The Architectural Setting of the Mass in Early-medieval Ireland

Pages 119-154 | Published online: 18 Jul 2013
 

Abstract

Surviving churches and documents are analysed for what they may reveal about the architectural context of the mass in early-medieval Ireland. This shows that there is no evidence to support the widely held view that the congregation stood outside. Instead, the variable but relatively small size of these churches expresses the fact that they served smaller and more diverse communities than their high-medieval successors. The altars in large episcopal and/or monastic churches seem positioned further west than those in relatively small, pastoral churches. In part, this was probably to facilitate relatively complex eucharistic liturgies. Externally defined chancels appear for the first time in the late 11th century AD in response to an increased emphasis on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Significantly, they occur at a handful of important sites whose clerics and patrons were in direct contact with Lanfranc of Canterbury, a key exponent of this doctrine.

Surviving churches and documents are analysed for what they may reveal about the architectural context of the mass in early-medieval Ireland. This shows that there is no evidence to support the widely held view that the congregation stood outside. Instead, the variable but relatively small size of these churches expresses the fact that they served smaller and more diverse communities than their high-medieval successors. The altars in large episcopal and/or monastic churches seem positioned further west than those in relatively small, pastoral churches. In part, this was probably to facilitate relatively complex eucharistic liturgies. Externally defined chancels appear for the first time in the late 11th century AD in response to an increased emphasis on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Significantly, they occur at a handful of important sites whose clerics and patrons were in direct contact with Lanfranc of Canterbury, a key exponent of this doctrine.

Le cadre architectural de la messe dans l'Irlande du très haut Moyen Âge

Les églises et les documents qui ont survécu jusqu'à nos jours contiennent des indications sur le contexte architectural de la messe dans l'Irlande du très haut Moyen Âge. Après examen, il apparaît qu'aucune preuve ne vient étayer l'opinion largement répandue selon laquelle les fidèles se tenaient à l'extérieur de l'église. La taille variable, mais relativement petite, de ces églises témoigne plutôt du fait qu'elles servaient des paroisses moins nombreuses et plus diverses que leurs remplaçantes du haut Moyen Âge. Les autels des grandes églises épiscopales et/ou monastiques semblent être placés plus à l'ouest que ceux des églises champêtres d'assez petite taille. Il s'agissait sans doute en partie de faciliter des liturgies eucharistiques relativement complexes. Des chæurs distincts apparaissent pour la première fois à la fin du XIe siècle alors que se renforce l'idée de la réelle présence du Christ dans l'Eucharistie. Il est significatif de noter qu'on les trouve dans quelques sites importants dont les clercs et les patrons étaient en contact direct avec Lanfranc de Canterbury, l'un des principaux représentants de cette doctrine.

Der architektonische Rahmen für die Messe im frühmittelalterlichen Irland

Erhaltene Kirchen und Dokumente enthalten Beweisstücke für den architektonischen Rahmen der Messe im frühmittelalterlichen Irland. Die Untersuchung ergibt, dass es keine Anhaltspunkte gibt, die die weit verbreitete Annahme stützen, dass die Gemeinde draußen vor der Kirche stand. Stattdessen drückt sich in der variablen, aber relativ kleinen Größe dieser Kirchen die Tatsache aus, dass sie kleineren und sehr viel unterschiedlicheren Gemeinden dienten als ihre hochmittelalterlichen Nachfolger. Die Altäre in großen Bischofsund/oder Klosterkirchen scheinen weiter westlich zu stehen als diejenigen in relativ kleinen Gemeindekirchen. Teilweise sollte damit wahrscheinlich Raum für die relativ komplexe eucharistische Liturgie geschaffen werden. Kirchen mit klar definiertem Schiff und Altarraum tauchen zum ersten Mal im späten 11. Jahrhundert n. Chr. auf und waren ein Ausdruck der zunehmenden Betonung der wahren Gegenwart Christi in der Eucharistie. Bezeichnenderweise erscheinen sie in einer Hand voll wichtiger Kirchen, deren Priester und Gönner direkt mit Lanfranc von Canterbury in Kontakt waren, der als einer der wichtigsten Vertreter dieser Doktrin gilt.

L'architettura degli edifici in cui si celebrava la messa nell'Irlanda del primo MedioevoLe chiese e i documenti giunti fino a noi contengono indicazioni riguardo al contesto architettonico degli edifici in cui si celebrava la messa nell'Irlanda del primo Medioevo. L'esame rivela che non esiste alcuna prova a supporto dell'opinione largamente diffusa che i fedeli restassero all'esterno della chiesa. Anzi, le dimensioni variabili, ma relativamente piccole, di queste chiese sono una dimostrazione del fatto che esse servivano comunità meno numerose e più variabili rispetto alle successive chiese dell'alto Medioevo. Nelle grandi chiese episcopali e/o monasteriali gli altari sembrano essere collocati più a ovest rispetto a quelli delle chiese campestri di dimensioni piuttosto piccole. In parte questo era dovuto probabilmente all'esigenza di facilitare le liturgie eucaristiche, relativamente complesse. Il corpo del presbiterio è distinguibile all'esterno per la prima volta nel tardo XI secolo d.C., come conseguenza della cresciuta importanza data alla reale presenza di Cristo nell'Eucaristia. Non a caso esso compare in diversi siti importanti, i cui ecclesiastici e finanziatori erano in contatto diretto con Lanfranco di Canterbury, uno dei principali esponenti di questa dottrina.

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