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Abstract
Shortly after unification in the Risorgimento, mass emigration stretched Italy in unforeseen ways, changing its culture, economics, and politics, and even its state, territory, language, and population. This enforced globalization polarized Italy and radically changed Italy as a nation-state and as a national culture. Controversies over emigration sharply divided Italian Liberals from the Nationalists and Fascists. The ideals of the nation-state, articulated by Mazzini, have been transformed by emigration in ways that have anticipated the twenty-first century global world. Today Italy faces similar challenges with rising immigration, together with the potential for constructive solutions.
Notes
1 Russo takes the context of emigration for granted and argues that Puccini should have made emigration even more dramatic and explicit (1990). See also Randall, Citation2005; Bouchard, Citation2010; Valesio, Citation1989; Verdicchio, Citation1997.
2 On Corradini’s contribution to the development of national socialism, see Sternhell et al., Citation1994; Choate, Citation2003).
3 For other precedents, see Archivio Storico della Camera dei Deputati, Incarti di Segreteria, index 1909–13, s.v. “Colonie Libere”: discussion in Chamber of Deputies June 22 1909, in Senate June 30–July 1 1909; in Chamber May 22 1912.
4 His original manuscript reads differently: “il primo bisogno d’Italia è che si formino Italiani che sappiano adempiere al loro dovere” (d’Azeglio, Citation1963: 6). See discussion in Patriarca, Citation2001; Soldani and Turi, Citation1993; Hobsbawm and Ranger, Citation1983.
5 Italian government subsidies went to 545 non- government schools with 55,877 students, and 93 state schools with 16,721 students (Istituto Coloniale Italiano, Citation1911).
6 See titles requested by the Italian consul in Patras, Greece, April 2 1886, Archivio Storico-Diplomatico Ministero degli Esteri (ASDMAE) Archivio Scuole 1868–88 b. 218.
7 See Lewin, Citation2010; http://www.italianlanguagefoundation.org (10/1/11).
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Mark I. Choate
Mark I. Choate is a history professor at Brigham Young University, teaching courses in colonialism, migration, fascism, Italy, and Europe. Mark earned his undergraduate and doctoral degrees from Yale University. His book Emigrant Nation: The Making of Italy Abroad, (Harvard, 2008; Oscar Mondadori, forthcoming) won the Council for European Studies Book Award and the Marraro Prize. Mark is completing his second book, on scientific racism and international migration controls. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, London, and has published articles in International Migration Review, French Colonial History, Modern Italy, California Italian Studies, and Forum Italicum.