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Abstract
Individuals with type 1 diabetes are exposed to the pathological effects of chronic hyperglycaemia at an early age. Type 1 diabetes is associated with a variety of complications, including microvascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Conditions like diabetic cardiomyopathy also cause significant mortality and morbidity. The most common macrovascular complications include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. Aerobic exercise is a critical component in the management of individuals with type 1 diabetes. Results from diabetic animal models reveal a variety of cellular mechanisms in response to exercise, producing beneficial effects on diabetic tissue. These results suggest that exercise training leads to improved tissue function by targeting specific adaptive mechanisms in diabetes, especially when initiated at the early stages of the disease. Hence, long-term aerobic exercises produces beneficial effects beyond insulin and nutrition therapy alone, as indicated by epidemiological and clinical studies in type 1 diabetics.