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Abstract
The status and relationships of two British narrow endemic Thamnobryum species (T. angustifolium and T. cataractarum) as well as two Macaronesian endemics (T. fernandesii and T. rudolphianum) were investigated using nuclear (ITS1&2) and plastid (the rps4-trnT-trnL-trnF cluster) markers. Geographic structure present within a monophyletic T. alopecurum containing these narrow endemic taxa, indicates that these submerged multistratose leaved forms in Britain and Madeira have been independently derived from the surrounding T. alopecurum populations and show convergent evolution in response to the extreme rheophilous habitat.