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Articles

Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis

 

Abstract

It is now widely accepted that the Anglo-Saxons were not just transplanted Germanic invaders and settlers from the Continent, but the outcome of insular interactions and changes. But we are still lacking explicit models that suggest how this ethnogenetic process might have worked in concrete terms. This article is an attempt to present such a model from an archaeological perspective, but with an interdisciplinary approach. The focus is on the role of the native British population and its interaction with immigrant Germanic groups. As a result, the model envisages two broad phases in the creation of the Anglo-Saxons: an ethnically divided conquest society in the 5th/6th centuries in which immigrants and their descendants practised a form of 'apartheid' in order to preserve their dominance; and a phase of increasing acculturation and assimilation of the natives in the 7th/8th centuries that laid the foundations of a common English identity.

It is now widely accepted that the Anglo-Saxons were not just transplanted Germanic invaders and settlers from the Continent, but the outcome of insular interactions and changes. But we are still lacking explicit models that suggest how this ethnogenetic process might have worked in concrete terms. This article is an attempt to present such a model from an archaeological perspective, but with an interdisciplinary approach. The focus is on the role of the native British population and its interaction with immigrant Germanic groups. As a result, the model envisages two broad phases in the creation of the Anglo-Saxons: an ethnically divided conquest society in the 5th/6th centuries in which immigrants and their descendants practised a form of 'apartheid' in order to preserve their dominance; and a phase of increasing acculturation and assimilation of the natives in the 7th/8th centuries that laid the foundations of a common English identity.

Immigration anglo-saxonne et ethnogenèse

Il est maintenant largement accepté que les populations anglo-saxonnes n'étaient pas seulement composées d'envahisseurs germaniques transplantés et de colons venus du continent, mais qu'elles étaient le produit d'interactions et d'évolutions insulaires. Cependant, nous manquons toujours de modèles explicites décrivant le déroulement concret de ce processus ethnogénétique. Cet article vise à présenter un tel modèle dans une perspective archéologique associée à une approche interdisciplinaire. L'accent est porté sur le rôle de la population britannique indigène et sur son interaction avec les groupes d'immigrants germaniques. En conséquence, ce modèle envisage deux grandes phases dans la création des AngloSaxons: une société de conquête aux multiples lignes de faille ethniques au 5e et au 6e siècle, où les immigrants et leurs descendants pratiquaient une forme d'« apartheid » afin de préserver leur domination; et une phase d'acculturation et d'assimilation croissantes des populations indigènes au 7e et au 8e siècle, qui a jeté les bases d'une identité anglaise commune.

Angelsächsische Einwanderung und Ethnogenese

Es besteht mittlerweile weitgehende Übereinstimmung in der Forschung, dass die Angelsachsen nicht einfach vom Festland auf die Insel verpflanzte Eroberer und Siedler waren, sondern dass ihre Entstehung das Ergebnis von Interaktion und Wandel auf der Insel darstellt. Uns fehlen aber immer noch explizite Modelle, die darstellen, wie dieser ethnogenetische Prozess konkret abgelaufen sein könnte. Dieser Artikel ist ein Versuch, solch ein Modell aus archäologischer Perspektive, aber mit interdisziplinärem Ansatz darzustellen. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Rolle der einheimischen britonischen Bevölkerung und ihre Interaktion mit den eingewanderten germanischen Gruppen. Im Ergebnis stellt das Modell zwei allgemeine Phasen in der Entstehung der Angelsachsen heraus: im 5./6. Jahrhundert eine ethnisch gespaltene Eroberungsgesellschaft, in der die Einwanderer und ihre Nachkommen zur Erhaltung ihrer Dominanz eine Art von ,Apartheid' praktizierten, und im 7./8. Jahrhundert eine Phase zunehmender Akkulturation und Assimilierung der Einheimischen, in der die Grundlagen einer gemeinsamen englischen Identität geschaffen wurden.

Immigrazione anglosassone ed etnogenesi

È opinione ormai largamente accettata che gli anglosassoni non siano stati solo popolazioni di invasori germanici trapiantatisi nella Britannia e di colonizzatori provenienti dall'Europa continentale, ma che abbiano avuto origine da interazioni e cambiamenti avvenuti nelle isole britanniche. Tuttavia ci mancano ancora modelli espliciti che indichino come sia avvenuto in pratica questo processo etnogenetico. Questo articolo costituisce un tentativo di presentare tale modello secondo una prospettiva archeologica, ma con un approccio interdisciplinare. Al centro dell'interesse è posto il ruolo della popolazione indigena britannica e la sua interazione con i gruppi di immigrati germanici. Di conseguenza il modello concepisce due fasi di massima nella nascita dell'etnia anglosassone: nei secoli V e VI una società di conquista etnicamente separata in cui gli immigrati e i loro discendenti praticavano una forma di apartheid allo scopo di mantenere il proprio dominio, seguita nel VII e VIII secolo da una fase di crescente acculturazione e assimilazione delle popolazioni indigene che gettò le basi di una comune identità inglese.

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