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Articles

Exotic Lands, Quixotic Friends: Eastern Lithuania and the Carpathian Basin in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (AD c 380 to c 620

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Pages 29-65 | Published online: 18 Jul 2013
 

Abstract

Little is Currently known about contacts between eastern Lithuania and the Middle Danube region between c 380 and c 620. The evidence that exists has often been interpreted in terms of a migration from the Carpathian Basin into the area of the North European Plains between the Upper Nemunas (Niemen) and the middle course of the Western Dvina. The old interpretation pertaining to the so-called Migration Period in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia needs drastic revision in light of the new archaeological evidence from recent excavations of burial mounds in eastern Lithuania, primarily artefacts (fibulae and buckles) most likely produced in the Middle Danube region. Our main argument is that, instead of a migration from the Carpathian Basin (or alternatively from the north-eastern area of present-day Poland), as commonly assumed by Lithuanian archaeologists, the evidence from excavated barrows in eastern Lithuania points to an intensive contact — most likely a gift-giving sequence — with communities in the Middle Danube region within a relatively short period of time following the demise of the Hunnic polity in the aftermath of the battle on the Nedao River (AD 454). We offer an explanation for this phenomenon, which, at the same time, is an alternative to the idea of a return migration from the Carpathian Basin (mainly of Baltic mercenaries in the service of the [defeated] Huns).

Little is Currently known about contacts between eastern Lithuania and the Middle Danube region between c 380 and c 620. The evidence that exists has often been interpreted in terms of a migration from the Carpathian Basin into the area of the North European Plains between the Upper Nemunas (Niemen) and the middle course of the Western Dvina. The old interpretation pertaining to the so-called Migration Period in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia needs drastic revision in light of the new archaeological evidence from recent excavations of burial mounds in eastern Lithuania, primarily artefacts (fibulae and buckles) most likely produced in the Middle Danube region. Our main argument is that, instead of a migration from the Carpathian Basin (or alternatively from the north-eastern area of present-day Poland), as commonly assumed by Lithuanian archaeologists, the evidence from excavated barrows in eastern Lithuania points to an intensive contact — most likely a gift-giving sequence — with communities in the Middle Danube region within a relatively short period of time following the demise of the Hunnic polity in the aftermath of the battle on the Nedao River (AD 454). We offer an explanation for this phenomenon, which, at the same time, is an alternative to the idea of a return migration from the Carpathian Basin (mainly of Baltic mercenaries in the service of the [defeated] Huns).

Territoires exotiques, amis chimériques: l'est de la Lituanie et le bassin des Carpates à la fin de l'Antiquité et au début du Moyen Âge (de 380 environ à 620 environ)

On dispose de peu d'informations sur les contacts entre l'est de la Lituanie et la région du Danube moyen entre 380 environ et 620 environ. Les éléments de preuve existants ont souvent été interprétés comme une migration du bassin des Carpates vers la région des plaines de l'Europe du Nord, entre le Niémen supérieur et le cours moyen de la Dvina occidentale. L'ancienne interprétation renvoyant à la soi-disant période de migration en Lituanie, en Lettonie et en Estonie doit être revue de fond en comble à la lumière des nouvelles trouvailles archéologiques mises à jour par de récentes fouilles de tumulus dans l'est de la Lituanie. Il s'agit avant tout d'objets (fibules et boucles de ceinture) sans doute produits dans la région du Danube moyen. Notre argument central est que la migration n'est pas partie du bassin des Carpates (ou du nord-est de la Pologne actuelle), comme le croient généralement les archéologues lithuaniens ; en effet, les objets mis à jour dans les tumulus de l'est de la Lituanie témoignent de contacts fréquents (que l'on peut interpréter comme un rituel de remise de présents) avec les communautés de la région du Danube moyen, relativement vite après l'effondrement du régime hunnique après la bataille de la Nedao (454 ap. J.-C.). Nous proposons pour ce phénomène une explication pouvant également être considérée comme une alternative à l'idée d'un retour des migrants du bassin des Carpates (principalement des mercenaires baltes au service des Huns [vaincus]).

Exotische Länder, quichotische Freunde: Ostlitauen und das Karpatenbecken in der Spätantike und im Frühmittelalter (ca. 380 bis ca. 620 n. Chr.) von Audrone Bliujiene und Florin Curta

Bisher ist nur wenig über die Kontakte zwischen Ostlitauen und der mittleren Donauregion in der Zeit zwischen ca. 380 und ca. 620 n. Chr. bekannt. Das überlieferte Material wurde meist so interpretiert, dass eine Migrationsbewegung vom Karpatenbecken in die nordeuropäische Tiefebene zwischen der oberen Memel und dem Mittellauf der Düna stattgefunden hat. Diese alte Interpretation, die die sogenannte Migrationsperiode in Litauen, Lettland und Estland betrifft, muss im Lichte neuer archäologischer Funde aus Grabhügeln in Ostlitauen, insbesondere von Artefakten (Fibeln und Schnallen), die höchstwahrscheinlich in der mittleren Donauregion gefertigt wurden, nun drastisch revidiert werden. Unser Hauptargument ist, dass statt der Migration vom Karpatenbecken (oder alternativ aus dem Nordosten des heutigen Polen), wie sie allgemein von litauischen Archäologen angenommen wird, die Funde aus ausgegrabenen Grabhügeln in Ostlitauen darauf hindeuten, dass es einen intensiven Kontakt — höchstwahrscheinlich eine Abfolge von Geschenkaustauschen — mit Gemeinschaften in der mittleren Donauregion gegeben hat, und zwar innerhalb eines relativ kurzen Zeitraums nach dem Niedergang des Hunnenstaates nach der Schlacht am Nedao (454 n. Chr.). Wir bieten eine Erklärung für dieses Phänomen an, die gleichzeitig auch eine Alternative zu der Vorstellung von einer Rückmigration (hauptsächlich von baltischen Söldnern aus dem Dienst der [besiegten] Hunnen) aus dem Karpatenbecken ist.

Terre esotiche, amici donchisciotteschi: la Lituania orientale e il bacino carpatico nella Tarda Antichità e nell'Alto Medioevo (dal 380 circa al 620 circa) di Audrone Bliujiene e Florin Curta

Attualmente si sa poco sui contatti tra la Lituania orientale e la regione del medio Danubio nel periodo tra il 380 d.C. circa e il 620 d.C. circa. Le testimonianze di cui disponiamo sono state spesso interpretate in termini di una migrazione dal bacino carpatico alle pianure nordeuropee tra l'alto Niemen e il corso medio del Daugava o Dvina occidentale. La vecchia interpretazione relativa al cosiddetto periodo delle migrazioni in Lituania, Lettonia ed Estonia necessita di una drastica revisione alla luce dei nuovi ritrovamenti archeologici provenienti da recenti scavi di tombe a tumulo nella Lituania orientale, principalmente manufatti (fibule e fermagli) prodotti quasi certamente nella regione del medio Danubio. La nostra tesi principale è che, anziché indicare una migrazione dal bacino carpatico (o, in alternativa, dalla zona nordoccidentale dell'odierna Polonia) che gli archeologi lituani danno comunemente per scontata, i reperti venuti alla luce dagli scavi dei tumuli nella Lituania orientale indicano intensi contatti — molto probabilmente una successione di donazioni — con le comunità della regione del medio Danubio durante un periodo di tempo relativamente breve immediatamente successivo alla battaglia del fiume Nedao (454 d.C.) che segnò la disfatta degli Unni. Proponiamo una spiegazione di questo fenomeno che è, allo stesso tempo, un'alternativa all'ipotesi di una migrazione di ritorno dal bacino carpatico (soprattutto da parte di mercenari baltici al servizio degli Unni [sconfitti]).

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