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Articles

Were Fallow Deer Spotted (OE *pohha/*pocca) in Anglo-Saxon England? Reviewing the Evidence for Dama dama dama in Early Medieval Europe

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Pages 139-162 | Published online: 18 Jul 2013
 

Abstract

There is a Growing recognition that introduced species are direct records of cultural activity and that studies of their biogeography have the potential to tell us about patterns of human migration, trade and even ideology. In England the fallow deer (Dama dama dama) is one of the earliest and most successful animal introductions, whose establishment has traditionally been attributed to the Normans. However, recent investigations of Old English place names have raised the possibility that the term *pohha/pocca relates to fallow deer, suggesting that the species was widely established in the Anglo-Saxon landscape. This suggestion deserves serious consideration as it has implications for our understanding both of AngloSaxon society and the impact of the Norman Conquest. This paper therefore presents a critical review of the literary, iconographic, place-name and zooarchaeological evidence for fallow deer in early medieval England and beyond.

There is a Growing recognition that introduced species are direct records of cultural activity and that studies of their biogeography have the potential to tell us about patterns of human migration, trade and even ideology. In England the fallow deer (Dama dama dama) is one of the earliest and most successful animal introductions, whose establishment has traditionally been attributed to the Normans. However, recent investigations of Old English place names have raised the possibility that the term *pohha/pocca relates to fallow deer, suggesting that the species was widely established in the Anglo-Saxon landscape. This suggestion deserves serious consideration as it has implications for our understanding both of AngloSaxon society and the impact of the Norman Conquest. This paper therefore presents a critical review of the literary, iconographic, place-name and zooarchaeological evidence for fallow deer in early medieval England and beyond.

Des daims (vieil anglais *pohha/*pocca) ont-ils été observés dans l'Angleterre anglo-saxonne ? Analyse des preuves de l'existence du Dama dama dama dans l'Europe du Haut Moyen Âge

Il est de plus en plus reconnu que les espèces introduites sont révélatrices de l'activité culturelle et que des études de leur biogéographie peuvent donner des informations sur les tendances de la migration humaine, du commerce et même de l'idéologie de l'époque. En Angleterre, le daim (Dama dama dama) compte parmi les introductions d'espèces les plus anciennes et les plus réussies. Son arrivée est traditionnellement attribuée aux Normands. Cependant, des études récentes sur les toponymes en vieil anglais ont soulevé la possibilité que le terme *pohha/pocca renvoie au daim, suggérant que cette espèce était largement établie dans le paysage anglo-saxon. Cette suggestion mérite d'être sérieusement prise en compte, car elle a des implications pour notre interprétation de la société anglo-saxonne et de l'impact de la conquête normande. Cet article présente donc une revue critique des éléments de preuve décelés dans la littérature, l'iconographie, la toponymie et la zooarchéologie confirmant la présence du daim dans l'Angleterre du Haut Moyen Âge et au-delà.

Wurde im angelsächsischen England Damwild (Aeng * pohha/*pocca) gesichtet? Eine Begutachtung der Belege für Dama dama dama im frühmittelalterlichen Europa

Zunehmend wird anerkannt, dass neu eingeführte Tierarten direkte Nachweise für kulturelle Aktivitäten sind und dass die Untersuchung ihrer Biogeographie uns potenziell etwas über die menschlichen Migrationsmuster, den Handel und sogar die Ideologien mitteilen kann. In England ist das Damwild (Dama dama dama) eine der frühesten und erfolgreichsten neu eingeführten Tierarten, deren Einführung traditionell den Normannen zugeschrieben wurde. Die kürzlich erfolgte Erforschung altenglischer Ortsnamen wirft jedoch die Möglichkeit auf, dass der Ausdruck *pohha/pocca sich auf Damwild bezieht, was zu der Annahme führt, dass diese Art in der angelsächsischen Landschaft bereits weithin etabliert war. Diese Annahme verdient ernsthafte Überprüfung, denn sie hätte Folgen für unser Verständnis der angelsächsischen Gesellschaft und der Auswirkungen der normannischen Eroberung. Dieser Aufsatz stellt also eine kritische Untersuchung der literarischen, ikonographischen, zooarchäologischen und auf Ortsnamen beruhenden Hinweise auf Damwild im frühmittelalterlichen England und darüber hinaus an.

Nell'Inghilterra anglosassone c'erano i daini (in antico inglese *pohha/*pocca)? Revisione delle conoscenze per Dama dama dama nell'Europa altomedievale

Si viene riconoscendo sempre più diffusamente che le specie introdotte sono testimonianze dirette di attività culturali e che lo studio della loro biogeografia può rivelarci lo schema delle migrazioni umane, dei commerci e perfino delle ideologie. In Inghilterra il daino (Dama dama dama) è stata una delle prime specie animali introdotte e anche con risultati estremamente positivi, e tradizionalmente se ne attribuisce l'introduzione ai normanni. Recenti studi di toponimi in antico inglese hanno tuttavia fatto scorgere la possibilità che il termine *pohha/pocca si riferisca al daino, suggerendo così che questa specie fosse ampiamente stabilita nel paesaggio anglosassone. Questa ipotesi merita serie considerazioni poiché contiene implicazioni per quanto riguarda la nostra conoscenza sia della società anglosassone, sia dell'impatto della conquista normanna. Questo studio presenta perciò una revisione critica dei documenti letterari, iconografici, toponomastici e zooarcheologici riguardanti il daino nell'Inghilterra del periodo altomedievale e anche oltre.

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