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Abstract
This article describes the development of one of the three forts on the Western Heights of Dover, the Citadel. Field fortifications were begun during the War of American Independence, and work began on the Citadel in 1782 to the design of Lt Thomas Hyde Page. Renewed fear of invasion resulted in a more ambitious plan in 1804, designed by Lt Col William Twiss and Captain William Ford, with three forts linked by Lines. The Citadel remained unfinished in 1815 and was largely disused but extensively improved in 1853–5. Developing armament design required an outwork to the west, designed by Major W Jervois, between 1858 and 1867. Further batteries were added in the 1870s and 1880s, but changing tactics led to armament reduction after 1887, while improving facilities for the garrison.