Levallois: Potential Implications for Learning and Cultural Transmission Capacities

Abstract

Levallois reduction was geographically widespread during the Middle Palaeolithic, being practiced by both Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) and early Modern Humans (Homo sapiens). Here, we review and synthesize a range of recent work that we have undertaken on the issue of Levallois, with the aim of further considering its implications in terms of social learning during the Palaeolithic. Specifically, our recent experimental work has provided evidence that Levallois reduction supplied flakes that have predictable benefits from a functional perspective, and also supported an hypothesis that it has benefits relating to raw material economy. Geometric morphometric analyses of archaeological cores have, meanwhile, demonstrated that examples conforming to “classic” (lineal) Levallois form have certain geometric properties that display limited variation, even across wide geographic regions. Hence, replicating this morphology consistently may have demanded specific requirements on the part of individual knappers in order to procure its potential benefits. Given these findings, it may be important to ask whether replication of “Levallois” industries involved social transmission mechanisms beyond those used by populations producing earlier forms of stone tools. Drawing on findings from the literature on social learning, we outline a series of factors that suggest this to be the case. Although independent tests of this hypothesis are required, within the context of Lower-Middle Palaeolithic industries, Levallois reduction stands out as a candidate potentially requiring active instruction (i.e., teaching) for effective cultural replication.

Keywords:

• Levallois
• Social learning
• Knapping costs

Acknowledgements

We are indebted to the editor and two anonymous reviewers for thoughtful comments on an earlier draft of this paper.

Notes on Contributors

Stephen J. Lycett is Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University at Buffalo, SUNY, New York, USA.

Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel is the director of the Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab and an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University at Buffalo, SUNY, New York, USA.

Metin I. Eren is a College of Arts and Science Post-Doctoral Fellow at the University of Missouri and a Research Associate at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.