1,788
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Heritage and the Right to the City: When Securing the Past Creates Insecurity in the Present

 

Abstract

The contested concept of heritage has increasingly been used by powerful and privileged actors—the state, the wealthy, corporations, and even universities—to justify their expropriation of inner-city areas. Appealing to an all-too-often ignorant version of “high culture,” they have increasingly excluded the poor, ethnic minorities, and other supposedly marginal groups from the right to inhabit areas designated as “historic.” One response has been the increasingly globalized “Occupy” idiom of social protest; another has been through local traditions of resistance grounded in long years of experience (as in several Asian countries). All such responses produce distinctive readings of the past; these alternative histories also challenge hegemonic discourse, as well as the practices of conservation associated with it, by either re-appropriating or challenging its basic premises. At the same time, they indicate the growing sense of precariousness among disadvantaged populations worldwide, especially among those for whom affordable rental arrangements are increasingly unobtainable. That situation threatens an even larger insecurity, as the prospect of swelling tides of displaced and dispossessed humanity threatens to create physical danger on the streets. It also undermines the very values of humanism on which the “high culture” tradition—itself, ironically, a proudly borne heritage—claims to have been built, and thereby threatens the well-being of that tradition's self-appointed bearers. Deskilling in artisanship and the loss of basic skills in the educational sphere, the commodification of heritage and history, and the brutal application of “audit culture” logic to the management of urban space all converge in a dismaying scenario in which, without sensitive intellectual leadership, wealth will trump the search for critical cultural knowledge and so will also destroy the resource that is the healthy diversity of humanity's past.

Resumen

El disputado concepto de patrimonio ha sido utilizado cada vez más por agentes privilegiados y poderosos, entre ellos, el estado, las personas adineradas, las empresas e incluso las universidades, para justificar su expropiación de áreas en zonas marginales. Recurriendo a una muy frecuente versión ignorante de la “alta cultura,” han excluido cada vez más a los pobres, a las minorías étnicas, y a otros grupos presuntamente marginales del derecho a vivir en áreas designadas como “históricas.” Una respuesta ha sido el modismo “Occupy” de protesta social cada vez más globalizado; otra ha sido a través de tradiciones locales de resistencia basadas en largos años de experiencia (como en varios países asiáticos). Todas estas respuestas producen interpretaciones inconfundibles del pasado; estas historias alternativas también cuestionan el discurso hegemónico, así como las prácticas de conservación asociadas con este, ya sea mediante la readecuación o el cuestionamiento de sus argumentos básicos. Al mismo tiempo, indican el sentido de precariedad cada vez mayor entre las poblaciones desfavorecidas de todo el mundo, especialmente entre aquellos para quienes los acuerdos de alquileres accesibles son cada vez más inalcanzables. Dicha situación presagia una inseguridad aún más profunda, mientras la perspectiva de las marejadas de humanidad desplazada y desposeída amenaza con generar daño físico en las calles. También socava los valores del humanismo sobre los cuales la tradición de la “alta cultura”– esta misma, irónicamente, un patrimonio transmitido orgullosamente – asegura haberse construido, y de este modo amenaza el bienestar de los portadores autodesignados de dicha tradición. El desaprovechamiento de la artesanía y la pérdida de habilidades básicas en el ámbito educativo, la mercantilización del patrimonio y la historia, y la aplicación despiadada de la lógica de la “cultura de la inspección” a la gestión del espacio urbano convergen en una situación de consternación en la cual, sin un liderazgo intelectual sensible, la riqueza sobrepasará la búsqueda del conocimiento cultural crítico y también destruirá el recurso que es la sana diversidad del pasado de la humanidad.

Résumé

Le concept disputé de patrimoine est de plus en plus utilisé par des acteurs puissants et privilégiés—l’État, les classes fortunées, les entreprises, et mêmes les universités—pour justifier l'expropriation des quartiers défavorisés. En vertu d'une version bien souvent ignorante de la « Culture », les classes défavorisées, les minorités ethniques, et les autres groupes prétendument marginaux perdent de plus en plus le droit d'habiter dans des quartiers désignés comme « historiques ». Une réponse à cela a été le mouvement de lutte social « Occupy » qui a pris une ampleur mondiale ; une autre réponse (dans plusieurs pays asiatiques notamment) a pris forme par l'intermédiaire des traditions locales de résistance fondées sur de longues années d'expérience. Toutes ces réponses produisent des lectures différentes du passé ; de plus, ces histoires alternatives défient le discours hégémonique et les pratiques de conservation qui lui sont associées, en se réappropriant ou en défiant ses prémisses fondamentales. Parallèlement, ces réponses montrent le sentiment croissant de précarité qui touche les populations désavantagées dans le monde entier, surtout celles pour qui des contrats de location abordables sont en passe de devenir introuvables. Cette situation crée une insécurité encore plus grande, tandis que la perspective du déferlement d'une marée humaine constituée de migrants dépossédés menace d'accroître la dangerosité des rues. Elle sape également les valeurs même de l'humanisme sur lesquelles la tradition de « Culture »—elle-même, ironiquement, un patrimoine fièrement arboré—prétend avoir été construite, et de ce fait menace le bien-être des détenteurs autoproclamés de cette tradition. La perte de savoir-faire artisanaux et de compétences basiques dans la sphère éducative, la transformation du patrimoine et de l'histoire en commodités, et l'application brutale de la logique de la « culture d'audit » à la gestion d'un espace urbain, convergent en un scénario désolant dans lequel, sans la guidance de l'intellect et de la sensibilité, la richesse l'emportera sur la recherche d'un savoir culturel critique, et détruira de ce fait également la ressource qu'est la diversité bénéfique du passé de l'humanité.

Notes

1 See, for example, my discussion of this phenomenon in the development of modern Greek nationalism (Herzfeld Citation1982:40–41, 133).

2 And using a structure of self-exoneration, the principle of subsidiarity, the ramifications of which he has dissected in his earlier work (see also Herzfeld Citation2009:92–93; Holmes Citation2000:29–30).

3 Although it is tempting to compare this sense of culture with Nye's (1990) notion of “soft power,” and there are indeed areas of overlap, the internal use of culture operates in an ostensibly more indirect way, creating the proxy pressure of intolerance toward departures from cultural norms. For an approach closer to my own, see Coe (Citation2005:57).

4 See, for example, the very useful summary of the Pompeii graffiti compiled by Armando Polito (http://www.pompeiin.com/it/downloads/La_poesia_sui_muri_di_Pompei-1.pdf, accessed October 3, 2014).

5 The phenomenon is well documented in US urban campuses. In the UK too, we find evidence of a similar process: “Liverpool-born Blacks have found it more difficult to associate themselves with (post) modernity and ‘common sense’ rhetoric, as areas in Granby with a large Black presence, are now vulnerable to the expansion of Liverpool University and ‘gentrification’ that brings investment into the region. Blacks who insist that they do not receive rewards from economic development are dismissed as ‘selfish’ ‘trouble-making’ ‘whiners' looking for excuses, and not aiding the enhancement of ‘Britain PLC.’” (http://multiracial.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=405&Itemid=27&font=base, accessed July 20, 2014). See also Graeme J. Davison (Citation2009), Carlton and the campus: The university and gentrification of inner Melbourne 1958–75, Urban Policy and Research [P], vol. 27, issue 3, Routledge, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK, pp. 253–264.

6 This is a point that harks back to the ideas of J.L. Austin (1971), for whom excuses did not have to be believed as long as they could plausibly be presented as credible.

7 For a graphic illustration of the pain this situation created, and the remarkable solidarity shown by a group of privileged students (supported by a few faculty members) for the university's manual workers, see the film Occupied (Razsa and Velez Citation2002; a trailer is available at www.enmassefilms.org).

8 See also Appadurai's (Citation2000) similar coinage of “urban cleansing.”

9 For further discussion of these designs, see Herzfeld (Citation1971, Citation1991:7–8, 37).

10 Practically speaking he needed a second democratic election in order to qualify for his mayoral pension.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.