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Abstract
An increasing number of reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) systems are being designed and operated on higher-salinity brackish feedwater. Increased feed total dissolved solids (TDS) can dramatically affect RO/NF design in terms of hydraulics, feed-pressure requirements, and permeate quality. Improved hydraulic flux designs can reduce the rate of fouling and cleaning and improve energy efficiency and permeate quality. In addition, systems with feed-side or interstage energy-recovery devices can be more energy-efficient, but payback time must be considered.