In Vitro Inhibitory Activity of Citreoviridin Against HIV-1 and an HIV-Associated Opportunist: Candida albicans

Abstract

Citreoviridin, a mycotoxin produced by some molds of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus, inhibits the growth of bacteria of the Bacillus genus. Since significant information was not available on the effects of citreoviridin on eukaryotic cells and viruses, this molecule was tested on CD4+ T-lymphoid cell lines, on HIV-1 and on Candida albicans, which sometimes complicates HIV-infection. Antiviral activity was detected in H9 HTLV III_B cells, a clone chronically infected by HIV-1. Citreoviridin reduced p24 in the supernatant of H9 HTLV IIIB in a dose-dependent manner with a pharmacological selectivity index of 2.6. In C. albicans, the effects of the mold-derivative were evaluated on some parameters associated with pathogenicity and virulence: cellular proliferation, germ tube production, expression of heat shock mannoproteins, release of proteases and phospholipases. At a 12.5 μM dose, citreoviridin showed a marked inhibitory effect on all parameters analyzed. As regards the mechanism of action, it is possible to hypothesize that the effects of citreoviridin may be due to a reduction of protein synthesis, since it inhibited the replication of HIV-1 at post-integrational stages and reduced the intracellular RNA and protein content in C. albicans.