GPS FOR HEIGHT DETERMINATION

Abstract

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has considerable potential for providing high accuracy height measurement over considerable distances. At long range it has higher precision than conventional levelling and, at all but the shortest ranges, it is much more efficient. However, GPS levelling has its problems, regarding for example geoid determination, atmospheric propagation delay, and ocean loading effects. This paper reviews the state of GPS levelling with specific reference to both engineering and large scale environmental applications.