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Abstract
The origins of surface engineering lie in antiquity, with the practices in ancient Greece and China of hardening, tempering, and crude forms of case hardening using solid organic materials. However, it was only at the turn of the 20th century, with the advent of widespread research into electrical phenomena, that the extensive portfolio of modern surface technologies emerged. This includes laser, plasma, and ion beam techniques, which are used to produce a composite material showing properties unattainable in either the base or surface materia!. The present report explores the basic principles of surface engineering, and examines the future of the discipline from the perspective of current research into second generation multiple treatments.