Vascular Screening in Andropause: Non-invasive Investigations in Vascular Disease Screening

G. Belcaro Irvine Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital at Imperial College, London, Cardiovascular Institute, Chieti University, Italy, San Valentino Vascular Screening Project (PE), ISVI (Italian Society for Vascular Investigations)Correspondence[email protected]

A. N. Nicolaides Irvine Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital at Imperial College, London, Cardiovascular Institute, Chieti University, Italy, San Valentino Vascular Screening Project (PE), ISVI (Italian Society for Vascular Investigations)

M. R. Cesarone Irvine Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital at Imperial College, London, Cardiovascular Institute, Chieti University, Italy, San Valentino Vascular Screening Project (PE), ISVI (Italian Society for Vascular Investigations)

M. T. De Sanctis Irvine Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital at Imperial College, London, Cardiovascular Institute, Chieti University, Italy, San Valentino Vascular Screening Project (PE), ISVI (Italian Society for Vascular Investigations)

G. Geroulakos Irvine Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital at Imperial College, London, Cardiovascular Institute, Chieti University, Italy, San Valentino Vascular Screening Project (PE), ISVI (Italian Society for Vascular Investigations)

A. Lennox Irvine Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital at Imperial College, London, Cardiovascular Institute, Chieti University, Italy, San Valentino Vascular Screening Project (PE), ISVI (Italian Society for Vascular Investigations)

M. Griffin Irvine Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital at Imperial College, London, Cardiovascular Institute, Chieti University, Italy, San Valentino Vascular Screening Project (PE), ISVI (Italian Society for Vascular Investigations)

L. Incandela Irvine Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital at Imperial College, London, Cardiovascular Institute, Chieti University, Italy, San Valentino Vascular Screening Project (PE), ISVI (Italian Society for Vascular Investigations)

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Summary

Erectile dysfunction (ED) can be associated with atherosclerotic disease. It is therefore important to be able to evaluate the extent of arterial disease. This includes subclinical arterial disease. We have developed a score based on high-resolution-Bmode ultrasound scanning of the carotid-femoral bifurcations. This is a cost-effective screening procedure that correlates well with the risk of cardiovascular events.

The penile circulation can also be investigated to assess local circulation and the level of fibrosis. During this investigation it is worthwhile evaluating the carotidfemoral arteries because the risk factors that predict ED are the same as those for atherosclerosis.

Penile fibrosis contributes to the pathogenesis of ED. Whether this change is associated with hypertension needs to be established by further studies.

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Vascular Screening in Andropause: Non-invasive Investigations in Vascular Disease Screening

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