QT interval prolongation and the risk of torsades de pointes: essentials for clinicians

Abstract

Objective:

QT interval prolongation signifies an increased risk of the life-threatening arrhythmia torsades de pointes (TdP). The purpose of this paper is to review the diverse methods for assessing and monitoring the risk of TdP, discuss risk factors for TdP, and recommend interventions that may mitigate the risk of TdP.

Methods:

A non-systematic search of PubMed (through March 2013) was conducted to determine the optimal approach to assessing and monitoring QT interval, prevention of TdP, and to identify risks factors for TdP. Papers known to the authors were included, as were scientific statements. Articles were chosen based on the judgment of the authors.

Results:

Risk factors for drug-induced TdP include hypokalemia, female sex, drug–drug interactions, advancing age, genetic predisposition, hypomagnesemia, heart failure, bradycardia, and corrected QT (QTc) interval prolongation. Many risk factors, including hypokalemia, use of QT-interval-prolonging drugs, and drug interactions are potentially modifiable and should be corrected in persons at risk for QT interval prolongation. Given the variable onset of TdP following initiation of QT-interval-prolonging drugs, careful and regular monitoring of electrocardiography (EKG) and electrolytes are necessary. Patients at risk for QT interval prolongation should be educated to go directly to the emergency room if they experience palpitations, lightheadedness, dizziness or syncope. When the QTc interval is 470–500 ms for males, or 480–500 ms for females, or the QTc interval increases 60 ms or more from pretreatment values, dose reduction or discontinuation of the offending drug should be considered where possible, and electrolytes corrected as needed. Furthermore, if the QTc interval is ≥500 ms, the offending drug should be discontinued, and continuous EKG telemetry monitoring should be performed, or the 12-lead EKG should be repeated every 2–4 hours, until the QT interval has normalized.

Conclusions:

Close monitoring for QTc prolongation is necessary to prevent TdP. The recommendations in this paper are limited by the available evidence and additional studies are needed to better define the approach to monitoring.

Keywords::

• Drug-induced
• Mitigation
• Prevention
• QT interval prolongation
• Risk factors
• Torsades de pointes

Transparency

Declaration of funding

No funding was received to support this manuscript.

Declaration of financial/other relationships

K.E.T., R.L.P., II, H.L., K.Y., and J.E.T. have disclosed that they have no significant relationships with or financial interests in any commercial companies related to this study or article.

CMRO peer reviewers may have received honoraria for their review work. The peer reviewers on this manuscript have disclosed that they have no relevant financial relationships.

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Matthew D. Kostoff, Assistant Professor, University of Kansas, for his review of this manuscript.