Induction of Antifouling Diterpene Production by Streptomyces cinnabarinus PK209 in Co-Culture with Marine-Derived Alteromonas sp. KNS-16

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An active antifouling diterpene was isolated from marine actinomycete strain PK209 and productivity was induced in a co-culture experiment. The active constituent was identified as the diterpene lobocompactol by interpretion of nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy data. A PK209 co-culture was designed and a lobocompactol-resistant bacterium, KNS-16, was selected as co-culture competitor to induce lobocompactol production. Adding a small volume of 16-h-old KNS-16 culture to the 96-h-old PK209 culture caused rapid induction of lobocompactol production. The final yield was 2.7 mg/L, 10.4-fold higher than that collected from a single PK209 culture. The two bacteria, strains PK209 and KNS-16, were identified as Streptomyces cinnabarinus and Alteromonas sp. based on 16S rDNA sequencing. Lobocompactol showed significant antifouling activity, of 0.18 and 0.43 µg/mL, for EC₅₀ against the macroalga Ulva pertusa and the diatom Navicula annexa respectively. It showed activity with MIC of 61–112 µg/mL against fouling bacteria.