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Abstract
Program planning is about creating a means of guiding policy implementation. The impetus to engage in program planning may come through enacted policies, community needs, funding initiatives, or other incentives. We identify two major types of program planning, both of which engage participants in advocacy activities, but in different ways. Focused planning seeks within-systems change (generally for individual clients), whereas transformative planning seeks overall systemic change. Transformative programming is intended to change the status quo with or without related direct service interventions. Both transformative planning and focused planning require unique strategies, particularly in funding environments bent on outcome-based measure-F. Ellen Netting, Mary Katherine O'Connor, and David P. Fauri are faculty members at the Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Social Work, 1001 West Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23284-2037.
