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Abstract
A preventive vaccine for HIV is urgently needed to curb the AIDS pandemic. Research and development of HIV vaccines is accelerating and there is increasing evidence that a viable market will be identified. The basic approaches to HIV vaccine design (HIV protein vaccines, live vector, DNA vaccines and live attenuated vaccines) are all undergoing rapid improvements to their design and delivery techniques; patents since 1997 in this field are reviewed. Many of the techniques being pioneered for HIV vaccines will be applicable to vaccines for other pathogens. Although some candidate HIV vaccine approaches have demonstrated at least partial efficacy in animal models and have been shown to be safe and immunogenic in early human trials, no human efficacy trials of HIV vaccines have been completed. The final utility of the many clever techniques now available to produce novel HIV vaccines remains unknown.