Painful and involuntary multiple sclerosis

Francesca Bagnato Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science 1161 21st Ave. S. AA1105 MCN Radiology Department, Nashville, TN 37232, USA + 1 615 875 3067; + 1 615 322 0734; [email protected]; National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10, Room 5C103, Bethesda, Maryland (MD), USA

, MD PhD,

Diego Centonze Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Clinical Center (CC), Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy; Santa Lucia Foundation Scientific Research Institute, Rome, Italy

Simonetta Galgani MS CC, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy

Maria Grazia Grasso Santa Lucia Foundation Scientific Research Institute, Rome, Italy

Shalom Haggiag MS CC, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy

Stefano Strano Sapienza University, Department of Cardiocirculatory Phisiopathology, Anesthesiology and General Surgery, Rome, Italy

Abstract

Introduction: Pain, dysphagia, respiratory problems, sexual and cardiovascular dysfunctions may occur in patients with MS.

Areas covered: In the present review, we attempt to summarize the current knowledge on the impact pain, dysphagia, respiratory problems, sexual and cardiovascular dysfunctions have in patients with MS.

Expert opinion: To effectively manage MS, it is essential that these symptoms are recognized as early as possible and treated by a rehabilitative multidisciplinary approach, based on proven scientific evidence.

Keywords::

Acknowledgments

The authors thank A Cuccaro and V Ikonomidou for their help in preparing the manuscript.

Notes

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Painful and involuntary multiple sclerosis

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