Emerging human papillomavirus vaccines

Barbara MaThe Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA

Bharat MarajThe Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA

Nam Phuong TranThe Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA

Jayne KnoffThe Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA

Alexander ChenThe Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA

Ronald D AlvarezUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Birmingham, MD, USA

Chien-Fu HungThe Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA;The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA+1 410 614 3899; +1 443 287 4295; [email protected]

T.-C. WuThe Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA;The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA+1 410 614 3899; +1 443 287 4295; [email protected];The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baltimore, MD, USA;The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA

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Abstract

Introduction: Identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) as the etiologic factor of cervical, anogenital, and a subset of head and neck cancers has stimulated the development of preventive and therapeutic HPV vaccines to control HPV-associated malignancies. Excitement has been generated by the commercialization of two preventive L1-based vaccines, which use HPV virus-like particles (VLPs) to generate capsid-specific neutralizing antibodies. However, factors such as high cost and requirement for cold chain have prevented widespread implementation where they are needed most.

Areas covered: Next generation preventive HPV vaccine candidates have focused on cost-effective stable alternatives and generating broader protection via targeting multivalent L1 VLPs, L2 capsid protein, and chimeric L1/L2 VLPs. Therapeutic HPV vaccine candidates have focused on enhancing T cell-mediated killing of HPV-transformed tumor cells, which constitutively express HPV-encoded proteins, E6 and E7. Several therapeutic HPV vaccines are in clinical trials.

Expert opinion: Although progress is being made, cost remains an issue inhibiting the use of preventive HPV vaccines in countries that carry the majority of the cervical cancer burden. In addition, progression of therapeutic HPV vaccines through clinical trials may require combination strategies employing different therapeutic modalities. As research in the development of HPV vaccines continues, we may generate effective strategies to control HPV-associated malignancies.

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Acknowledgments

This review is not intended to be an encyclopedic one, and the authors apologize to those works not cited.

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Emerging human papillomavirus vaccines

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