Emerging BRAF inhibitors for melanoma

Francesco SabbatinoMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA+1 617 726 6087; [email protected];Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Division of Surgical Oncology, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA

, MD PhD,

Yangyang WangMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA+1 617 726 6087; [email protected];Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Division of Surgical Oncology, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA

, MD,

Xinhui WangMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA+1 617 726 6087; [email protected];Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Division of Surgical Oncology, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA

, MD PhD,

Soldano FerroneMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA+1 617 726 6087; [email protected];Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Division of Surgical Oncology, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA

, MD PhD &

Cristina R FerroneMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA+1 617 726 6087; [email protected];Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Division of General Surgery, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA

, MD

Abstract

Introduction: The clinical activity of BRAF inhibitor (BRAF-I) therapy is a major breakthrough in the treatment of metastatic melanoma carrying BRAF mutations. However, the therapeutic efficacy of BRAF-I therapy is limited due to the onset of intrinsic and acquired drug resistance.

Areas covered: The role of wild-type BRAF in melanocytes and of the mutated BRAF in the pathogenesis of melanoma is described in this article. The results obtained with BRAF-I in patients with mutated BRAF are reviewed. The mechanisms driving the intrinsic and acquired BRAF-I resistance, the development of combinatorial strategies designed to overcome them and their potential limitations are discussed. Lastly, the many questions that have to be addressed to optimize therapy with BRAF-I are listed.

Expert opinion: Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer characterized by poor prognosis and high mortality. The discovery of BRAF mutations which drive melanoma tumorigenesis and the development of agents which selectively inhibit mutant-activated BRAF represent a major breakthrough in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. However, the development of drug resistance underlies the need of more effective and individualized combinatorial treatments to counteract the multiple escape mechanisms utilized by BRAF-mutant melanoma. Although combinatorial strategies using agents which target different protumorigenic signaling pathway components have been shown to increase the clinical efficacy of BRAF-I, novel strategies which utilize different antitumor mechanisms are needed.

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Emerging BRAF inhibitors for melanoma

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Emerging BRAF inhibitors for melanoma

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