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Notes
1 K. M. Waller, Coronial Law and Practice in New South Wales (Sydney: The Law Book Company, 1982), p. 87.
2 Id, at 87.
3 Hugh Selby, “Introduction,” The Aftermath of Death, ed. Hugh Selby (Sydney: The Federation Press, 1992), p. xvii.
4 Lester Adelson, The Pathology of Homicide (Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1974), p. 22
. I examine below the androcentrism that dominates the texts of forensic pathology in my discussion of typical body charts.5 See, e.g., Jennifer L. Mnookin, “The Image of Truth: Photographic Evidence and the Power of Analogy,” 10 Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 55 (1998)
.6 H. S. Hawkins and H. G. Shaw, Manual for Coroners and Magistrates in New South Wales (Sydney: W. A. Gullick, 1914), p. 38
; see also Vernon D.Plueckhahn, Ethics, Legal Medicine and Forensic Pathology (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1983), p. 109 .7 Werner V. Spitz and Russell S. Fisher, Medicolegal Investigation of Death (Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1973), p. 521
.8 Robert C. Hendrix, Investigation of Violent and Sudden Death (Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1972), p. 14
.9 Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), pp. 47, 209
.10 Spitz and Fisher, supra note 7 at p. 521.
11 Abdullah Fatteh, Medicolegal Investigation of Gunshot Wound (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1976), p. 128
.12 Id, at 128.
13 Id, at 128.
14 Bernard Knight, The Post-Mortem Technician’s Handbook (Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1984), p. 223
.15 Id, at 224.
16 Adelson, supra note 4 at p. 330.
17 See, e.g., G. A. Gresham and A. F. Turner, Post-Mortem Procedures (Smeets-Weert, Holland: Wolfe Medical Publications, 1979), p. 107
and Spitz and Turner, supra note 7 at p. 164.18 On the central dogmas of science and their relation to the law, see Steven Goldberg, “The Central Dogmas of Law and Science” 36 Journal of Legal Education 372–80 (1996)
; Lee Loevinger, “Science as Evidence,”35 Jurimetrics Journal 153-90 (1995) ; Lee Loevinger, “Standards of Proof in Science and Law,” 32 Jurimetrics Journal 323–44 (1992) ; D. H. Kaye, “Proof in Law and Science,” 32 Jurimetrics Journal 316-18 (1992) ; William J. Curran and E. Donald Shapiro, Law, Medicine and Forensic Science (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1982), pp. 102ߝ3 .19 Cyril John Polson, D. J. Gee and Bernard Knight, The Essentials of Forensic Medicine (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1985), p. 153
.20 Jacques Derrida, Spectres of Marx, trans. Peggy Kamuf (New York: Routledge, 1994), pp. 161, 163
.21 G. Austin Gresham, A Colour Atlas of Forensic Pathology (London: Wolfe Medical Books, 1975)
.22 See Roland Barthes, Image, Music, Text, trans. Stephen Heath (London: Fontana Press, 1977), pp. 38–9
.23 David Ranson, Anatomical Figuring: Forensic Body Chart Resource (Melbourne: Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 1995)
.24 See Bernard Knight, Forensic Pathology (London: Arnold, 1996), pp. 15, 18
; Dominick J. Di Maio and J. M. Di Maio, Forensic Pathology (New York: Elseview, 1989), p. 313 ; J. K. Mason, Forensic Medicine for Lawyers (London: Butterworths, 1983), p. 4 ; William J. Curran, A. Louis McGarry and Charles S. Petty, Modern Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Forensic Science (Philadelphia: F. A. Davic, 1980), p. 484 ; J. K. Mason, The Pathology of Violent Injury (London: Edward Arnold, 1978), p. 4 ; Francis Camps, A. E. Robinson and B. G. B. Lucas, eds., Gradwohl’s Legal Medicine (Bristol: John Wright and Sons, 1976), p. 73 ; Abdullah Fatteh, Handbook of Forensic Pathology (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1973), p. 13 ; Knight, supra note 14 at 68.25 Richard Dyer, White (London: Routledge, 1997), p. 3
.26 Bernard Knight, Simpson’s Forensic Medicine (London: Arnold, 1997)
, back cover.27 Id, at 32.
28 James Elkins, Pictures of the Body: Pain and Metamorphosis (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), p. 279
.29 See Catherine Belsey, Critical Practice (London: Methuen, 1980), p. 2
.30 Kobena Mercer, “Black Hair/Style Politics,” in Out There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures, eds. R. Ferguson, M. Gever, T. T. Minh-ha and C. West (New York: The New Museum of Contemporary Art and The MIT Press, 1990)
.31 Id, at 249.
32 Id, at 249.
33 See Michael Banton, Racial Theories (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 28–31
.34 See Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. C. L. Markmann, (London, Paladin, 1970)
; Sander L. Gilman, “Black Bodies, White Bodies: Toward an Iconography of Female Sexuality in Late Nineteenth-Century Art, Medicine, and Literature,” “Race,” Writing and Difference, ed., Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1986), pp. 223–261 ; Michelle Wallace, “Modernism, Postmodernism and the Problem of the Visual in Afro-American Culture,” in Out There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures, eds. R. Ferguson, M. Gever, T. T. Minh-ha and C. West (New York: The New Museum of Con temporary Art and The MIT Press, 1990.), pp. 39–50 ; Stuart Hall, “The Spectacle of the ‘Other,’” in Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, ed. Stuart Hall (London: Sage, 1997), pp. 223–290 ; Dyer, supra note 25; Thandeka, Learning to Be White (New York: Continuum, 2000).35 Polson et al, supra note 19.
36 Id, at 214–25.
37 Id, at 471.
38 Thadenka, supra note 34 at 16.
39 Waller, supra note 1 at 87.
40 Hawkins and Shaw, supra note 6 at 39; Plueckhahn, supra note 6 at 112-3.
41 Plueckhahn, supra note 6 at 113.
42 Rudolf Virchow, Post-Mortem Examinations, trans. T. P. Smith, (Metuchen, N. J.: Scarecrow Reprint Corporation, 1973), p. 10
.43 I draw on Norman Brysons definition of visuality here, as the cultural construction of vision mediated by a series of discourses, as articulated in “The Gaze in the Expanded Field,” Vision and Visuality ed. Hal Foster (Seattle: Bay View Press, 1988), pp. 91-2.
44 Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Vintage, 1975), pp. 94, 170
.45 Jonathon Crary, “Modernizing Vision,” in Vision and Visuality ed. Hal Foster (Seattle: Bay View Press, 1988), p. 33
.46 Foucault, supra note 44 at 121.
47 On the relation between hermeneutics and vision, see Malcolm Barnard, Approaches to Understanding Visual Culture (London: Palgrave, 2001), pp. 29–30
; Nicholas Davey, “The Hermeneutics of Seeing,” in Interpreting Visual Culture, Ian Heywood and Barry Sandywell, eds. (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 3–29 .48 Adelson, supra note 4 at 15.
49 Wai Lee Dimock, “Rules of Law, Laws of Science” 13 Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 203–25 (2001)
.50 Barbara Maria Stafford, Body Criticism: Imagining the Unseen in Enlightenment Art and Medicine (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1997), p. 6
.51 Adelson, supra note 4 at 101; see also Keith Simpson, Forensic Medicine (London: Edward Arnold, 1974), pp. 219–221
; Abdullah Fatteh, Medicolegal Investigation of Gunshot Wounds (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincot, 1976), pp. 136–7 ; Knight, supra note 14 at 18–19.52 Bernard J. Hibbits, “Making Sense of Metaphors: Visuality, Aurality, and the Reconfiguration of American Legal Discourse,” 16 Cardozo Law Review 245 (1994)
.53 Nicholas Mirzoeff, An Introduction to Visual Culture (New York: Routeledge, 1999), p. 15
.54 Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference, Alan Bass, trans. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985), p. 15
.55 Donald D. Hoffman, Visual Intelligence (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1998), p. 15
.56 Hibbits, supra note 52 at 354.
57 Derrida, supra note 9.
58 Colin Bourke and Helen Cox, “Two Laws: One Land,” in Aboriginal Australia, eds. Colin Bourke, Eleanor Bourke and Bill Edwards (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1994), p. 49
.59 Adelson, supra note 4 at 13.
60 David Ranson, “The Role of the Pathologist,” in The Aftermath of Death, ed. Hugh Selby (Syndey: The Federation Press, 1992), p. 103
.61 John F. Burton and Charles S. Petty, “The Autopsy Protocol,” Forensic Pathology, eds. Russell S. Fisher and Charles S. Petty (Kent: Castle House, 1980), p. 10–11
.62 Id, at 11.
63 Fatteh, supra note 51 at 138.
64 Id, at 138.
65 On the different types of focalisers in narratives, see Michael J. Toolan, Narrative (London: Routledge, 1988), pp. 70–71
.66 Roland Barthes, “The Discourse of History,” in Comparative Criticism: A Yearbook 3, ed. E. S. Shaffer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 11
; see also Robert Cover, “Foreword: 1982 Term, Nomos and Narrative,” 97 Harvard Law Review 4-5 (1983) ; James Boyd White, Heracles Bow: Essays on the Rhetoric and Poetics of the Law (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), p. 168 ; Bernard S. Jackson, Law, Fact and Narrative Coherence (Merseyside, UK: Deborah Charles Publications, 1988), p. 12, 24 ; Paul Gewirtz, “Narrative and Rhetoric,” in Law’s Stories: Narrative and Rhetoric in Law, eds. Peter Brooks and Paul Gewirtz (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 5 .67 Fatteh, supra note 51 at 138.
68 Barthes, supra note 66 at 11.
69 Alan G. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 17
.70 Steven Cohan and Linda M. Shires, Telling Stories: A Theoretical Analysis of Narrative Fiction (London: Routledge, 1988), p. 54
.71 Jacques Derrida, Limited Inc, trans. Samuel Weber (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1990), 146
.72 Id, at 15. For extended discussions on the role of interpretation in the law, see Robin West, Narrative, Authority and Law (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993), pp. 89–176
; Gerald L. Bruns, “Law and Language: A Hermeneutics of the Legal Text,” in Legal Hermeneutics, ed. Gregory Leyh (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), pp. 23–40 .73 Didier Coste, Narrative as Communication (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1989), p. 49
.74 Bert Van Roermund, Law, Narrative and Reality (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publications, 1997), pp. 98–9
.75 Fatteh, supra note 51 at 138.
76 Derrida, supra note 71 at 20.
77 Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge, trans. A. M. Sheridan (London: Tavistock, 1985), pp. 41–2
.78 See, e.g., Ian Freckleton, “Inquest Law,” The Inquest Handbook, ed. Hugh Selby (Sydney: The Federation Press, 1998), pp. 1–21
; Loevinger, supra note 18 at 153-190.79 Adelson, supra note 4 at 15.
80 I. Gordon and H. A. Shapiro, Forensic Medicine: A Guide to Principles (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1975), p. 92
.81 Jackson, supra note 66 at 193.
82 Waller, supra note 1 at 56.
83 Richard Fumerton and Ken Kress, “Causation and the Law: Preemption, Lawful Sufficiency and Causal Sufficiency” 64 Law and Contemporary Problems 105 (2001)
.84 Joseph Pugliese, “Identity in Question: A Grammatology of DNA and Forensic Genetics,” 12 International Journal for the Semiotics of Law/Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique 419-44 (1999)
.85 Derrida, supra note 54 at 139.
86 Coste, supra note 73 at 51.
87 Loevinger (1992), supra note 18 at 323.
88 Fumerton and Kress, supra note 83 at 97.
89 Loevinger (1992), supra note 18 at 343.