![Sample our Humanities journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5939/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Humanities.jpg"})
Abstract
This essay explores the historical relations between copyright law and authorship, and attempts to complicate postmodern models of the author figure with a study of collaborative authors and their methodologies. In so doing, the essay embraces the new wave of collaborative creativity that has emerged due to various digital technologies, as well as the copyright complications it has induced. This essay finally argues that an understanding of all three discourses—literary, legal, and technological—are increasingly necessary for our understanding of past and present literary production, as well as current theoretical notions of authorship.
Notes
1. Dutch Court of Appeals, Lancôme Parfums et Beauté et cie S.N.C. v. Kecofa B.V., Anne-Marie Field, trans., 21 June 2004, 18 November 2004 <www.piercelaw.edu/tfield/tresor.pdf>.
2. Id.
3. John Henley, “Now You Can Own a Smell: Disputed Scent is © Lancôme,” The Guardian, July 24, 2004
, natl.ed: 3.4. James Millar, James Wald, Stephen J. Harris, David Bollier, and Benjamin Mako Hill, eds. “Collaborative Literary Creation and Control: A Socio-Historic, Technological and Legal Analysis
,” 14 January 2004 <http://mako.yukidoke.org/projects/collablit/writing/BenjMakoHill-CollabLit_and_Control/book1.html> screen 4. See also, for example, the work of Martha Woodmansee, Peter Jaszi, Siva Vaidhyanathan, and Lawrence Lessig.5. Georg Hegel, Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, T. M. Knox, trans. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 45
.6. John Locke, “The Second Treatise of Government. An Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government,” 1690, Two Treatises on Government, Peter Laslett, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 287–8
.7. Gilles Deleuze and Claire Parnet, Dialogues II (London: Continuum, 2002), p. 17
.8. Myriam Boucharenc, “Plural Authorship in Automatic Writing,” Subject Matters. Subject and Self in French Literature from Descartes to the Present, Paul Gifford and Johnnie Gratton, eds. (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000), p. 100
.9. Martha Woodmansee, “The Genius and the Copyright: Economic and Legal Conditions of the Emergence of the ‘Author,’” 17.4 Eighteenth-Century Studies 427 (1984
).10. Id., at 427.
11. Mark Rose, “The Author as Proprietor: Donaldson v. Beckett and the Genealogy of Modern Authorship,” Of Authors and Origins. Essays on Copyright Law, Brad Sherman and Alain Strowel, eds. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), p. 54
.12. William Enfield, Observations on Literary Property (London: Joseph Johnson, 1774), p. 21
.13. Roger Chartier, “Figures of the Author,” Of Authors and Origins. Essays on Copyright Law, Brad Sherman and Alain Strowel, eds. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), p. 12
.14. Edward Thomas Scrutton, The Laws of Literary Property. An Examination of the Principles which should Regulate Literary and Artistic Property in England and Other Countries, (London: John Murray, 1883), p. 103
. This is an extract from Lord Camden’s speech in parliament during the 1774 court case, Donaldson v. Beckett.15. Jack Stillinger, Multiple Authorship and the Myth of Solitary Genius, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 69
.16. Id., at 30.
17. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Earl Leslie Griggs, ed. vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), p. 412.
18. Id., at 412.
19. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Literaria; or Biographical Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions, 1817, J. Shawcross, ed. vol. 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 516.
20. Stephen Prickett, Wordsworth and Coleridge: ‘The Lyrical Ballads’ (London: Edward Arnold, 1975), p. 17
.21. John Beer, “The Unity of Lyrical Ballads,” 1800: The New Lyrical Ballads, Nicola Trott and Seamus Perry, eds. (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), p. 11
.22. Quoted in Mary Moorman, William Wordsworth: A Biography, vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957), p. 11.
23. See Prickett, supra note 20 at 21.
24. See Beer, supra note 21 at 21.
25. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Earl Leslie Griggs, ed. vol. 3 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), p. 355
.26. Id., at 361.
27. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “Kubla Khan: or, A Vision in a Dream. A Fragment,” The Complete Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge Including Poems and Versions of Poems Now Published for the First Time, Ernest Hartley Coleridge, ed. vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956) p. 296
.28. Jerome J. McGann, The Romantic Ideology. A Critical Investigation (London: University of Chicago Press, 1983), pp. 98
; 104–6.29. Id., at 105.
30. See Coleridge, supra note 19 at 72.
31. Id., at 72.
32. Id., at 29.
33. Id., at 72.
34. Jeffrey Masten, Textual Intercourse: Collaboration, Authorship, and Sexualities in Renaissance Drama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 19
.35. See Deleuze and Parnet, supra note 8 at 17.
36. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus. Capitalism and Schizophrenia trans. Brian Massumi (London: Continuum, 2003), p. 3
.37. Id., at 4: 25.
38. Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, “Preface to the New Edition (1969),” Dialectic of Enlightenment. Philosophical Fragments (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002), p. xi
.39. W. B. Yeats, “A General Introduction for My Work,” Essays and Introductions (London: Macmillan, 1961), p. 522
.40. Gilles Deleuze, Negotiations. 1972–1990 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), p. 7
.41. E. OE. Somerville and Martin Ross, The Selected Letters of Somerville and Ross ed. Gifford Lewis (London: Faber and Faber, 1989), p. 23
.42. E. OE. Somerville and Martin Ross, Irish Memories, 1917, (London: Longmans, 1919), p. 134
.43. E. OE. Somerville, “Étaples. Where the Irish R.M. Began,” Happy Days! Essays of Sorts (London: Longmans, 1946), p. 70
.44. See Somerville and Martin Ross, supra note 41 at 135.
45. See Boucharenc, supra note 7 at 112.
46. See Somerville and Martin Ross, supra note 41 at 135.
47. See “Somerville and Ross Papers,” ms. 17, Queen’s University Belfast; and Anne Oakman, “‘Too Much on the Outer Skin’: Dynamics of Marginality in the Collaborative Methodology of E. Œ. Somerville and Martin Ross,” Ph. D. thesis, Queen’s University Belfast, 2004.
48. Id., at 209.
49. Id., at 209.
50. See Somerville, supra note 42 at 113.
51. Walter Besant, “On Literary Collaboration,” 6.33 The New Review 204–205 (1892)
.52. Id., at 205.
53. Holly A. Laird, “‘A hand spills from the book’s threshold’: Coauthorship’s Readers,” 116.2 Publications of the Modern Language Association 345–46 (2001)
.54. J. David Bolter, Writing Space. Computers, Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print, Second Edition (New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001), p. 181
.55. Martha Woodmansee, “On the Author Effect: Recovering Collectivity,” The Construction of Authorship. Textual Appropriation in Law and Literature, Martha Woodmansee and Peter Jaszi, eds. (London: Duke University Press, 1994), p. 26
.56. See Bolter, supra note 54 at 214.
57. See Millar et. al., supra note 4.
58. Xanadu Development Team. “Project Xanadu – History (lo-res).” n.d. 17 January 2004 <http://www.xanadu.com/HISTORY/>.
59. Theodor H. Nelson, Literary Machines 93.1 (Sausalito, CA: Mindful Press, 1992), p. 2/7
.60. Thomas Goetz, “Open Source Everywhere,” Wired Magazine
11.11 November 2003. 15 January 2004 <http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.11/opensource.html> screen 2.61. Graham Lawton, “The Great Giveaway,” New Scientist
2 February 2002: 34. Further details about the “OpenLaw” project can be found at <http://cyber.law.hardvard.edu/openlaw>.62. Further information on the legal principles behind open source publishing can be found at <http://www.creativecommons.org>, and <http://www.demos.co.uk>.
63. The copyright policy that governs open source music projects can be found at <http://www.openmusicregistry.org>.
64. Dan Gilmore, We the Media. Grassroots Journalism By the People, For the People (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly, 2004), p. xiii
.65. Id., at 237.
66. Yochai Benkler, “Coase’s Penguin, or Linux and the Nature of the Firm,”
Abstract, 2002, 20 November 2004 <http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html> par 3.67. John Naughton, “The IT revolutionaries that shocked a capitalist world,” The Observer
6 June 2004, natl. ed.: 14.68. Michel Foucault, “What is an Author?” Textual Strategies: Perspectives in Poststructuralist Criticism, J. V. Harari, ed. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979), p. 141
.69. Bo Leuf and Ward Cunningham, The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web (London: Addison-Wesley, 2001), p. 17
.