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ABSTRACT
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease and is endemic in tropical and sub-tropical areas worldwide. Lifelong immunity after recovery indicates that vaccination could be a promising approach to overcome the disease. Although different antigens have been successfully tested against all clinical forms, none of them have been shown to fulfill the safety and efficiency requirements for human applications. Hence, strong vehicles are needed to carry antigens of interest and potentiate its presence in the body. So far, various live or chemical carriers have been applied to reinforce the immunological effects of ideal antigens. In the current review, the recent attempts in this field have been summarized.
Financial & competing interests disclosure
The authors are supported by the Pasteur Institute of Iran [grant numbers 705 and 752] and the National Science Foundation of Iran [grant numbers 91053539 and 94013422]. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.