Abstract
While the debate continues regarding the role of polymorphisms of β1-adrenoceptors on the clinical outcomes and beneficial effects of β-blockers in patients with heart failure, we need to step back and examine the evidence in the peer-reviewed literature more closely.
Financial & competing interests disclosure
The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.
No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.