Hypothalamic-pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in growth hormone deficiency

Abstract

The accurate analysis of the hypothalamic–pituitary area is essential in the diagnosis of endocrine-related diseases. High-quality magnetic resonance imaging represents the examination modality of choice in the evaluation of hypothalamic–pituitary morphology. Indeed, the advent of molecular biology and neuroimaging techniques has led to significant progress in the understanding of the pathogenesis of disorders affecting the pituitary gland, specifically by demonstrating a clear phenotype–genotype relationship. Animal studies, along with the correlation of a particular genetic profile to certain endocrine and magnetic resonance imaging phenotypes in humans, have yielded great insights into pituitary development. Today, there is convincing evidence to support the hypothesis that marked magnetic resonance imaging differences in pituitary morphology indicate a variety of disorders that affect anterior pituitary gland organogenesis and function with a variety of diverse prognoses.

Keywords::

• anterior pituitary
• GLI2
• growth hormone deficiency
• HESX1
• hypopituitarism
• LHX3
• LHX4
• magnetic resonance imaging
• multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies
• PROP1
• posterior pituitary
• POU1F1
• SOX3