Abstract
The research reviewed in this article provides examples of autoantibody-mediated receptor activation that likely contributes to disease. The classic example is Graves’ hyperthyroidism, in which autoantibodies activate the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor resulting in overproduction of thyroid hormones. Other compelling examples come from the cardiovascular literature and include agonistic autoantibodies targeting the cardiac β1-adrenergic receptor, which are associated with dilated cardiomyopathy. Autoantibodies capable of activating α1-adrenergic receptors are associated with refractory hypertension and cardiomyopathy. A prominent example is preeclampsia, a hypertensive disease of pregnancy, characterized by the presence of autoantibodies that activate the major angiotensin receptor, AT1. AT1 receptor-activating autoantibodies are also observed in kidney transplant recipients suffering from severe vascular rejection and malignant hypertension. AT1 receptor-activating autoantibodies and antibodies that activate the endothelin-1 receptor, ETA, are prevalent in individuals diagnosed with systemic sclerosis. Thus, the presence of agonistic autoantibodies directed to G protein-coupled receptors has been observed in numerous cardiovascular disease states. Rapidly emerging evidence indicates that receptor-activating autoantibodies contribute to disease, and that efforts to detect and remove these pathogenic autoantibodies or block their actions will provide promising therapeutic possibilities.
Financial & competing interests disclosure
Support for this work was provided by the National Institute of Health grants HL076558, HD34130 and RC4HD067977, American Heart Association Grant 10GRNT3760081, March of Dimes (6-FY06-323) and the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.
No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.