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Abstract
Thyroid orbitopathy is a complex disease that can produce severe functional and cosmetic complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment during the active inflammatory phase is essential to decrease late sequels. Corticosteroids remain the main pillar in the treatment of the active phase. Other possibilities when steroids fail are radiotherapy, cyclosporine or new biological agents such as rituximab. Rehabilitative surgery can be performed to treat the functional and disfiguring sequels in the inactive phase. A review of the clinical manifestations, classifications and treatment, both medical and surgical, is presented.
Financial & competing interests disclosure
The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.
No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.