Antioxidant approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Hyun Pil Lee Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA; College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA; College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA

Xiongwei Zhu Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA; College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA; College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA

Gemma Casadesus Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA; College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA; College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA

Rudy J Castellani University of Maryland, MD, USA; University of Maryland, MD, USA

Akihiko Nunomura Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan

Mark A Smith Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA; College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA; College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA

Hyoung-gon Lee Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA; College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA; College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA

George Perry Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA; College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA. [email protected]; University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA. [email protected]

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Abstract

Oxidative stress is an important factor, and one that acts in the earliest stages, of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. The reduction of oxidative stress has been tested as a therapy for AD. While the trial of vitamin E supplementation in moderately severe AD is the most promising so far, it also reveals the limitations of general antioxidant therapies that simply lower oxidative stress and, therefore, the complexity of the redox system. The multiple contributing factors that foster the clinical manifestations of AD should be considered when designing antioxidative stress therapy. In this article, we discuss the multiple pathogenic mechanisms of oxidative stress in AD and the potential targeting approaches.

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Financial & competing interests disclosure

Mark A Smith is, or has in the past been, a paid consultant for, owns equity or stock options in and/or receives grant funding from Anavex, Canopus BioPharma, Medivation, Neurotez, Neuropharm, Panacea Pharmaceuticals and Voyager Pharmaceuticals. George Perry is, or has in the past been, a paid consultant for and/or owns equity or stock options in Neurotez Pharmaceuticals, Panacea Pharmaceuticals, Takeda Pharmaceuticals and Voyager Pharmaceuticals. Xiongwei Zhu is a paid Advisory Board member for Medivation. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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Antioxidant approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

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Antioxidant approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

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