Ice mapping during tachycardia in close proximity to the AV node is safe and offers advantages for transcatheter ablation procedures

Abstract

Background — Ablation during ongoing orthodromic reentry tachycardia (AVRT) and atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is not recommended using radiofrequency energy when the arrhythmia substrate is located in close proximity to the atrioventricular (AV) node due to a significant risk for inadvertent AV block.

The aim of the study is to test the feasibility of ice mapping during tachycardias involving arrhythmia substrate located in close proximity to the AV node.

Methods — This was a single-centre, prospective, randomized study. A total of 65 patients was screened and 30 patients with supraventricular arrhythmias were assigned either to a cryo or RF energy group after diagnosis of AVNRT (17 pts) or AVRT (13 pts) with an anteroseptal accessory pathway. RF ablation was performed using standard ablation techniques. In the cryo group, ice mapping was performed during tachycardia with cooling of the catheter tip temperature to a maximum of —40°C. Ablation was performed only if ice mapping terminated the tachycardia without prolongation of the AV conduction.

Results — The overall acute success rate was 84%, and was not different in the cryo and RF groups (85% vs. 82.4%, P = 0.43). Both fluoroscopy and the procedure times were comparable.There was a marked reduction in the mean number of applications in the cryo group [2 (1-6) vs. 7 (1-41), P = 0.002]. In one patient ablation was not attempted in the cryo group because of AV prolongation, and in two patients temporary second-degree AV block was observed in the RF group. After 12 months follow-up the long-term success rate was similar between the two groups.

Conclusions — (1) Ice mapping is a feasible method to determine the exact location of accessory pathways and of the slow pathway during tachycardia. (2) Ice mapping performed during tachycardia causes less ablation lesions without increasing the procedure and fluoroscopy times.

Key Words:

• cryoablation
• arrhythmia
• mapping