Traumatic Brain Injury and Immunological Outcomes: the double-edged Killer

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide resulting from falls, car accidents, sports, and blast injuries. TBI is characterized by severe, life-threatening consequences due to neuroinflammation in the brain. Contact and collision sports lead to higher disability and death rates among young adults. Unfortunately, no therapy or drug protocol currently addresses the complex pathophysiology of TBI, leading to the long-term chronic neuroinflammatory assaults. However, the immune response plays a crucial role in tissue-level injury repair. This review aims to provide a better understanding of TBI's immunobiology and management protocols from an immunopathological perspective. It further elaborates on the risk factors, disease outcomes, and preclinical studies to design precisely targeted interventions for enhancing TBI outcomes.

Plain Language Summary

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide due to falls, car accidents, sports and blast injuries. TBI causes severe, life-threatening consequences due to inflammation in the brain. Unfortunately, no current therapy or drug protocol can address the complexity of TBI, leading to long-term chronic inflammation. However, the immune response plays a crucial role in repairing injured brain tissue. This review aims to provide a better understanding of TBI's immunobiology and management protocols to design targeted interventions for better outcomes in TBI patients.

Tweetable abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes severe consequences, but no current therapies target its complex pathophysiology. Our review examines the immune response's role in tissue repair and proposes immunopathological strategies for TBI management.

Keywords:

• immune response
• immunopathology
• management protocols
• neuroinflammation
• risk factors
• traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Author contributions

S Datta authored and created tables; F Lin, LD Jones and SC Pingle reviewed and revised the manuscript; S Kesari and S Ashili conceptualized and designed the manuscript's topics. All authors approved the final version and take responsibility for the work.

Financial & competing interests disclosure

The CureScience Institute funded the open access fees. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

Ethical conduct of research

The authors state that they have obtained appropriate institutional review board approval or have followed the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for all human or animal experimental investigations. In addition, for investigations involving human subjects, informed consent has been obtained from the participants involved.