https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3557-4501
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nanosomal docetaxel lipid suspension (NDLS, DoceAqualip)-based chemotherapy in breast cancer.
Methods
Medical charts of patients with breast cancer, who were treated and followed up with NDLS (75–100 mg/m2; 3-week cycle)-based chemotherapy from August 2014 to September 2018, were analyzed in this multicenter, retrospective study. The study endpoints were overall response rate (ORR: complete response [CR]+partial response [PR]) and disease control rate (DCR: CR+PR+stable disease [SD]) in neoadjuvant and metastatic settings. Overall survival (OS) and safety were evaluated for all settings.
Results
Of 91 patients (neoadjuvant: 12, adjuvant: 61, metastatic: 18), efficacy evaluation in 29 patients (neoadjuvant: 12/12, metastatic: 17/18) demonstrated an ORR and DCR of 100%, respectively, in the neoadjuvant setting, and an ORR of 64.7% and DCR of 70.6%, respectively, in the metastatic setting. At a median follow-up of 21.6 months (range: 2.1 to 49.9 months), median OS was not reached in neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, and it was 30.4 months in metastatic settings. At least one adverse event (AE) was reported in 59.3% of patients. Anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and neutropenia were the most common hematological AEs reported while hyperglycemia and alteration in liver function tests were the most common non-hematological AEs. NDLS-based treatment was well tolerated without any new safety concerns.
Conclusion
Nanosomal docetaxel lipid suspension-based chemotherapy was efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of breast cancer. Further, NDLS is being evaluated prospectively in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03671044).
Introduction
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers globally.Citation1 In women, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.Citation2 As per the GLOBOCAN 2018 report, breast cancer accounts for 11.6% of all cancer cases with 2,088,849 new cases and 626,679 (6.6%) deaths reported globally. In India, breast cancer has an incidence of 27.7% (n=162,468) among all cancers in women.Citation2,Citation3
Docetaxel has emerged as the agent of choice with established efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of breast cancer.Citation4 Docetaxel is approved for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and for adjuvant treatment of operable node-positive breast cancer.Citation5 Docetaxel has also demonstrated efficacy and tolerability in the neoadjuvant treatment of operable breast cancer.Citation6,Citation7
The conventional formulation of docetaxel has several toxicity issues related to its excipients, polysorbate 80 and ethanol, such as acute hypersensitivity reactions,Citation8,Citation9 cumulative fluid retention,Citation10 peripheral neuropathy,Citation11 severe anaphylactoid reactions,Citation12 infusion-site reactions,Citation13 and alcohol intoxication.Citation14,Citation15 Corticosteroids and antihistamines are used as premedication to overcome these toxicities,Citation16–Citation18 but these adverse effects may still occur in some patients.Citation19 A novel lipid based, polysorbate 80 and ethanol free formulation of docetaxel, nanosomal docetaxel lipid suspension (NDLS, DoceAqualip, of Intas Pharmaceuticals Limited, India), was developed to overcome these toxicity issues.Citation20 NDLS has shown comparable efficacy and tolerability to conventional docetaxel in the treatment of MBC in a prospective study.Citation20 NDLS has also demonstrated efficacy and safety for the management of breast cancer in previous retrospective studies.Citation21,Citation22 The current report presents a multicenter, retrospective experience in real-world practice evaluating the efficacy and safety of NDLS-based chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer.
Methods
Study Design
In our multicenter, observational, retrospective study, medical charts of women with breast cancer, who were treated with NDLS-based chemotherapy as part of their routine clinical care at four centers across India, were analyzed. The study endpoints were overall response rate (ORR: proportion of patients achieving complete [CR]+partial response [PR]), disease control rate (DCR: CR+PR+stable disease [SD]) and overall survival (OS, defined as time from treatment to death due to any cause; for patients who were still alive at the time of data analysis or who were lost to follow-up, OS was censored at the last recorded date that the patient was known to be alive). ORR and DCR were analyzed for patients who received NDLS-based treatment in neoadjuvant and metastatic settings, and OS was evaluated for all patients. Treatment response was evaluated using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1.Citation23 Incidence of adverse events (AEs) documented in the treatment charts were recorded and graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Criteria version 5.Citation24 Similarly, data on death and discontinuations were captured from patients’ health records.
Ethics Statement
The study protocol was reviewed and approved by OM ethics committee, Ahmedabad, India. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki, and in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization’s Good Clinical Practice guidelines, applicable regulatory requirements, and in compliance with the protocol. Patient consent to review their medical records was not required by the committee as NDLS is already approved in India and patient confidentiality was completely maintained. In this retrospective study, no patient identifiers were used and data were anonymized.
Statistical Analyses
Demographic and baseline characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics. Categorical variables were summarized with frequency and percentage. Continuous variables were summarized with count, mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum. Response rate was evaluated as per RECIST 1.1 and presented as frequency and percentage of patients. Survival analysis was performed to measure lifetime or the length of time until the occurrence of an event (death in case of overall survival). Survival data was analyzed using a non-parametric procedure performed on PROC LIFETEST of SAS (Version 9.4) to measure the duration of time until a specified event occurs. OS was calculated and analyzed using Kaplan–Meier method and Log rank test to estimate the survival function from lifetime data after treatment. The AEs were summarized as frequencies and percentages by type of reactions.
Results
Patients Disposition and Demographics
Data of 91 women with breast cancer, who were treated with NDLS-based chemotherapy, were analyzed. The baseline characteristics of these patients are summarized in .
Table 1 Patient Disposition and Baseline Characteristics
NDLS was used as a 1-hour infusion in 3-week cycles at a dose of 75 mg/m2 (93.4%, 85/91) or 100 mg/m2 (6.6%, 6/91). NDLS-based regimens were used as first-line therapy in the majority (88.5%) of the patients. Most (n=60, 98.4%) of the patients were administered premedications; dexamethasone was the most common agent. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF) was used in the majority of the patients (97.8%, 90/91) as primary prophylaxis.
NDLS-Based Treatment Regimens
The most common NDLS-based treatment regimens were: neoadjuvant setting, NDLS plus carboplatin plus trastuzumab (TCH, 33.3%, 4/12) and 5-FU plus epirubicin plus cyclophosphamide followed by NDLS (FEC→T, 25%, 3/12); adjuvant setting, NDLS plus cyclophosphamide (TC, 23%, 14/61), TCH and NDLS plus doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide (TAC) (21.3% each, 13/61), and metastatic setting: NDLS plus carboplatin (44.4%, 8/18) and TCH (33.3%, 6/18).
Efficacy
Of 30 patients who received NDLS for the treatment of breast cancer in metastatic and neoadjuvant settings, efficacy evaluation was available for 29 patients (12/12 in neoadjuvant and 17/18 in metastatic settings). Patients who received NDLS in the adjuvant setting (n=61) were considered for safety and OS analysis. In the neoadjuvant setting, both ORR and DCR were 100% (CR: 50% [6/12], PR: 50% [6/12]), respectively (), whereas in the metastatic setting, ORR was 64.7% (PR: 64.7% [11/17]) and DCR was 70.6% (PR: 64.7% [11/17], SD: 5.6% [1/17]), respectively ().
Figure 1 Response rate of NDLS-based chemotherapy in breast cancer in (A) neoadjuvant setting (n=12), and (B) metastatic setting (n=17).
Abbreviations: CR, complete response; DCR, disease control rate; NDLS, nanosomal docetaxel lipid suspension; ORR, overall response rate; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease.
Overall Survival
Overall, patient survival data was collected from the date of administration of the first dose of NDLS treatment till the last follow-up date (September 30, 2018) for alive patients and date of death for patients who died. Overall, 83.5% (76/91) patients were alive at a median follow-up duration of 21.6 months (range: 2.1–49.9 months). The proportion of patients who were alive was 91.7% (11/12) in the neoadjuvant setting [median follow-up: 21.1 months (range: 2.06–46.8 months)] (), 90.2% (55/61) in the adjuvant setting [median follow-up: 21.6 months (range: 3.5–49.8 months)] () and 44.4% (10/18) in the metastatic setting [median follow-up: 22.4 months (range: 5.1–36.9 months)] (). The median OS was not reached for patients treated in neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, whereas it was 30.4 months in metastatic setting.
Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier estimates of overall survival in breast cancer patients: (A) neoadjuvant (n=12), (B) adjuvant (n=61), and (C) metastatic (n=18) settings. The mean survival time and its standard error were underestimated because the largest observation was censored and estimation was restricted to the largest event time.
Safety
The data on AEs were available for 54 patients. Of these, at least one AE was reported in 46 (85.2%) patients. Grade I AEs were reported in 83.3% (45/54) patients, grade II in 42.6% (23/54), grade III in 14.8% (8/54) and grade IV in 5.6% (3/54) patients. Anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia and neutropenia were the most common hematological AEs, whereas hyperglycemia and alteration in liver function tests were the most common non-hematological AEs reported (). The AEs of interest with docetaxel such as hypersensitivity reactions, fluid retention, neuropathy and nail disorders, were not reported with the use of NDLS in this study.
Table 2 Safety Profile of NDLS-Based Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer (n=54)
Discussion
Docetaxel is recommended as a single agent or in combination for the treatment of breast cancer in neoadjuvant, adjuvant and metastatic settings by several guidelines.Citation25,Citation26 Globally several novel docetaxel formulations are being developed to overcome the toxicities related to excipients used in the conventional docetaxel formulation, among which, NDLS was approved by the Drug Controller General of India in August 2013.
NDLS was developed using the patented (worldwide [WO2008127358], Europe [2076244], Japan [5917789] and Canada [CA2666322]) “NanoAqualip” technology.Citation27 NDLS was developed by adding docetaxel to high pressure homogenized soy phosphatidylcholine and sodium cholesteryl sulfate in sodium citrate buffer under continuous high pressure homogenization. Nanosomal lipid-based (with generally regarded as safe [GRAS] lipids by the US Food and Drug Administration) docetaxel nanoparticles (<100 nm) may infiltrate and get trapped in the damaged tumor vasculature and necrotic tumor tissue collagen material resulting in increased retention [enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect]. The efficacy and safety of NDLS has been demonstrated in breast, gastric, ovarian, cervical, penile, hormone refractory prostate and non-small cell lung cancers.Citation21,Citation28-Citation31 Furthermore, a panel of oncology experts has recommended using NDLS in patients with metastatic disease, those at risk of hypersensitivity reactions, diabetics and those in whom steroids need to be avoided.Citation32
The current study presents the findings of NDLS-based chemotherapy in breast cancer patients in neoadjuvant, adjuvant and metastatic settings. In neoadjuvant settings, achieving pathologic complete response (pCR) is associated with significantly reduced disease recurrence and improved survival in breast cancer patients.Citation33 In our study, both ORR and DCR rates were 100% (CR: 50%, PR: 50%) with NDLS-based chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting. In this analysis, only one patient was evaluated using pathological response and achieved pCR, and remaining patients were evaluated based on overall response criteria by RECIST 1.1. Furthermore, median OS was not reached for neoadjuvant settings; 91.7% patients were alive at last follow-up (median follow-up: 21.1 months; range: 2.06–46.8 months). NDLS was most commonly used as a TCH (33.3%) regimen in the neoadjuvant setting, since 5/12 (41.7%) patients in this setting were human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2+).Citation26 Previous reports on neoadjuvant treatment with taxanes, platinum agent and trastuzumab have shown ORR rates of 87.1% (n=39),Citation34 98% (n=42)Citation35 and 100% (n=32)Citation36 in previous studies in patients with breast cancer treated in neoadjuvant settings. In an Indian retrospective analysis by Tiwari et al,Citation36 TCH regimen (n=32) demonstrated an ORR of 100%. The higher response rate (100%) observed in our study in neoadjuvant treatment could be attributed to the small sample size. Kolberg et alCitation37 showed that 94.2% patients were alive at 53.6 months follow-up with a TCH regimen.Citation37 In our study, 91.7% patients were alive at a median follow-up of 21.1 months in the neoadjuvant setting. The above evidence shows the potential of NDLS-based regimens in managing breast cancer in neoadjuvant setting.
Docetaxel in combination with anthracyclines and cyclophosphamide as concurrent (the TAC regimen) or sequentially (AC→T) has been evaluated for adjuvant treatment in many studies.Citation38 In our study, NDLS was most commonly used in combination as TC, TAC and TCH regimens in adjuvant setting. The US Oncology Research Trial 9735 showed an OS of 90% with adjuvant TC regimen at a median follow-up of 5.5 years in early breast cancer patients (n=506).Citation39 The 7-year follow-up, in this study, showed an OS rate of 87% with a TC regimen.Citation40 The TAX316 study evaluated TAC regimen in adjuvant treatment of breast cancer and showed that 87.8% patients were alive at a median follow-up of 77 months.Citation41 Jones et al,Citation42 showed 98.3% alive patients at a median follow-up of 36.1 months who had received an adjuvant TCH regimen. In our study, at a median follow-up of 21.6 months (range: 3.5–49.8 months), the median OS was not reached for adjuvant setting and 90.2% (55/61) patients were still alive.
Docetaxel has been established as an effective treatment option in the treatment of MBC after failure of prior chemotherapy.Citation43 Conventional docetaxel has reported an ORR of 30–47% in MBC at various dose levels.Citation44,Citation45 The efficacy and safety of NDLS was compared with conventional docetaxel in the management of MBC by Ahmad et al. NDLS monotherapy demonstrated an ORR of 35.5% (n=49) vs 26.3% (n=23) with conventional docetaxel at 75 mg/m2 in the treatment of 72 locally advanced or MBC patients. The safety was comparable between NDLS and conventional docetaxel, though patients in the NDLS group were not premedicated with corticosteroids. In our study, NDLS plus carboplatin and TCH were the most common NDLS-based regimens used in metastatic settings. In a study by Mavroudis et al,Citation46 docetaxel plus carboplatin showed an ORR of 61% in MBC patients (n=36). The NCCTG 9932 trial showed an ORR of 58% with docetaxel plus carboplatin in 35 patients.Citation47 The Phase III BCIRG 007 study by Valero et alCitation48 demonstrated an ORR of 72% and median OS of 37.4 months for TCH regimen in HER2+ MBC patients (n=132).Citation48 TCH demonstrated an ORR of 79% (n=62) in the BCIRG 101 study and 58% (n=59) in the UCLA-ORN study for the treatment of MBC.Citation49 In our analysis, NDLS-based regimens demonstrated an ORR and DCR of 64.7% and 70.6%, respectively. At a median follow-up of 22.4 months (range: 5.1–36.9 months), the median OS was 30.4 months and 44.4% patients were still alive.
Overall, NDLS-based regimens were found to be well tolerated in breast cancer patients. GCSF was used in most of the patients and the safety profile of NDLS in this study is consistent with previous literature.Citation20,Citation22,Citation50 In the TAX313 study, fluid retention (38%), thrombocytopenia (11%), neutropenia (94%), febrile neutropenia (7%), treatment-related grade III/IV infection (3%) and anemia (94%) were the most common AEs with conventional docetaxel. In our study, severe grade IV neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were reported in 2 (3.70%) patients, which resolved with supportive therapy. The most commonly reported grade III AEs were lymphopenia (5.6%), anemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia (3.7% each), and grade IV AEs were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia (3.7% each). The AEs of interest with conventional docetaxel formulation such as hypersensitivity reactions, fluid retention, neuropathy and nail disorders were not observed with NDLS in our study. Hyperglycemia was the most common non-hematological AE which could be attributed to the fact that 23.1% of the patients in this study had diabetes at baseline and the majority of the patients received corticosteroids as premedication. The major limitation of this study is its retrospective nature and data availability with respect to survival and safety. The progression-free survival (PFS) could not be captured in this study since being a real-world study, the data on progression and serial scans were not available for most of the patients at most of the follow-up timepoints. This is one of the major limitations of this study.
Conclusion
The novel nanosomal docetaxel lipid suspension (NDLS)-based chemotherapy was effective and well tolerated in managing breast cancer in all settings. Furthermore, NDLS is being evaluated prospectively in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03671044)
Author Contributions
SS, RP, GB, SKDM performed the research, were involved in the acquisition of data, critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, and approved the final manuscript. NJ, DB, MAK and IA designed the study, were involved in the data interpretation, critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, and approved the final manuscript. All authors made substantial contributions to this study and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Mr Shreekant Sharma, MPharm, ISMPP CMPPTM (Lambda Therapeutic Research Ltd., Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India) for providing writing assistance and Dr Venugopal Madhusudhana, MBBS, EPBM, ISMPP CMPPTM (Lambda Therapeutic Research Ltd., Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India) for additional editorial assistance for the development of this manuscript. The authors also thank the clinical data management and biostatistics department of Lambda Therapeutic Research Ltd. for their contribution in the preparation of the statistical analysis report in this retrospective data collation and analysis.
Disclosure
Drs Mujtaba A Khan, Deepak Bunger and Nisarg Joshi are employees of Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd., India, and the product being mentioned is manufactured and marketed by Intas Ltd. Dr Imran Ahmad is an employee of Jina Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.
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