https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-1224
Abstract
Background
Metastatic breast cancers (MBC) with no expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) are recently classified into two groups; HER2-zero [HER2-immunohistochemistry (IHC) score of 0 (IHC-0)] and HER2-low, defined as those with IHC score of 1+ or 2+ with negative in situ hybridization (ISH) assay. We investigate differences in treatment outcomes between both groups treated with endocrine therapy (ET) and the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib.
Methods
Data were retrospectively collected for patients with HR-positive+/HER2−negative MBC who received ribociclib with an aromatase inhibitor (AI) or fulvestrant and were divided into two groups: HER2-zero and HER2-low.
Results
A total of 257 patients, median age 48 (22–87) years, all with MBC who were treated with ET and ribociclib were enrolled. One hundred and thirty-seven (53.3%) patients had de novo MBC, and majority (n = 162, 63.0%) received ribociclib as a first-line therapy. In total, 114 (44.4%) patients had HER2-zero (IHC-0), while 143 (55.6%) others had HER2-low disease. The overall response rate (ORR) was 52.0% for the HER2-zero group compared to 39.4% for the HER2-low group, p = 0.005. The median PFS was 22.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.4-NR) months for HER2-zero versus 17.3 (95% CI, 14.1–20.6) months for HER2-low, P = 0.0039. In multivariable analysis, HER2-low expression remained significant determinant of inferior PFS after adjusting for other factors, including the site of metastasis, prior chemotherapy, and the line of treatment.
Conclusion
In patients with MBC treated with ET and ribociclib, level of HER2 negativity may affect treatment outcomes; patients with HER2-zero had better response rate and PFS compared to those with HER2-low disease. These findings, if confirmed in larger studies, may help oncologists select patients with HER2-low for better treatment options.
Introduction
Breast cancer continues to be the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide,Citation1 with an estimated 2.3 million new cancer cases and 0.7 million cancer-related deaths in 2020.Citation2 Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer constitutes around 15–20% of all patients, and is considered prognostic and predictive marker for disease response to different treatment modalities. Over the past years, many drugs were developed targeting HER2 in different disease settings with significant improvement in overall response rate (ORR), PFS and overall survival (OS), which in turn changed the natural course of HER2-positive breast cancer. However, the expression level of HER2 does not follow all or non-theory, as it is a spectrum of negative to positive depending on the intensity of IHC.
Hormone receptor (HR)-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC) represents around 80% of histologic subtypes of invasive breast cancer.Citation3 Except in cases of visceral crisis, where chemotherapy is indicated,Citation4 the combination of a CDK4/6 inhibitor (ribociclib, palbociclib, abemaciclib) with endocrine therapy (an aromatase inhibitor or fulvestrant) has become the standard-of-care first-line treatment for patients with metastatic HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, with substantial improvement in both PFS and OS.Citation5–9
HER2 expression is currently assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) as per the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAP) guidelines, with IHC 0, +1 or +2 with a negative in situ hybridization (ISH) being classified as HER2-negative.Citation10 The quantification of HER2 status using immunohistochemistry (IHC) is as follows: 0 indicates no staining or staining on the cell membrane in less than 10% of tumor cells, 1+ represents faint or barely perceptible staining in more than 10% of tumor cells with no or weak intensity, and 2+ indicates weak to moderate staining covering the entire cell membrane in more than 10% of tumor cells.
However, an emerging body of evidence in recent years suggests that patients with the HER2-negative subtype are not the same. Clinical behavior and response to therapies might differ in relation to intensity of IHC expression. Compared to patients who do not express any IHC (IHC-zero), patients with IHC +1 or those with +2 and negative ISH, have poor prognostic factors, including larger tumor sizes, higher histological grades, higher Ki-67 score and more regional lymph node involvement.Citation11–14
Even though the prognostic significance of low HER2 expression is still being investigated, its predictive role has now been firmly elucidated.Citation15 Most clinical trials use IHC 1+, or IHC 2+ and ISH- negative as the definition of HER2-low breast cancer, and the proportion of people with HER2-low expression is as high as 45–55%.Citation16–18
The entity of HER2-low breast cancer has recently changed the treatment landscape of MBC, as the low HER2 expression became a valid therapeutic target. Breast cancer with low (IHC +1) or moderate expression of HER2 (IHC+2) without amplification are not candidates for conventional anti-HER2 agents.Citation19 However, results from recent clinical trials have shown that such group of patients can be treated with antibody-drug conjugates,Citation20 like trastuzumab deruxtecanCitation21 and trastuzumab duocarmazine.Citation22 The DESTINY-Breast-04 trial utilized a novel antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-low MBC and showed improvement in both PFS and OS.Citation15
With this novel data, and the rapidly expanding HER2-low terminology in MBC, several questions may be raised related to the differential response to various therapeutic modalities in relation to intensity of IHC expression. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the differences in outcome between patients with HER2-low and HER2-zero disease in patients treated with ribociclib and endocrine therapy for advanced HR-positive disease.
Methods
Patients’ Population
We retrospectively reviewed patients with HR-positive/HER2-negative MBC who received ribociclib with an aromatase inhibitor (AI) or fulvestrant in any metastatic setting (visceral or bone-only), and at any phase of the disease course (de novo metastasis or recurrent). Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) were detected by IHC and were considered positive if ≥1%, while HER2 negativity was defined as IHC-0, +1 or +2 with a negative ISH, as recommended by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAP) guidelines and were then divided into two groups: HER2-zero and HER2-low. HER2-zero was defined as IHC-0, and HER2-low was defined as IHC 1+ or IHC 2+/ISH-negative.
Patients were enrolled if they had metastatic breast cancer confirmed histologically, HR-positive/HER2-negative and received a combination of both CDK4/6 inhibitors plus AI or fulvestrant. Patients with second primary cancer and those with no adequate follow-up data were excluded. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at King Hussein Cancer Center. Because the data were deidentified and collected retrospectively, informed consent was waived.
Treatment
Ribociclib was given at a dose of 600 mg orally as the initial dose once daily for 21 consecutive days (day 1–21) in a 4-week cycle. Anastrozole, letrozole or fulvestrant was administered concurrently. Fulvestrant was given at a dose of 500 mg intramuscularly on day-1 and day-15 of cycle-1 and then every 28 days afterward. Anastrozole (1 mg) and letrozole (2.5 mg) were given orally on continuous daily schedule. For premenopausal patients, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist (goserelin) was administered subcutaneously at dose of 3.6 mg every 28 days, starting 1 month before hormonal treatment.
Response Evaluation and Statistical Analysis
The clinical efficacy was evaluated in accordance with the RECIST 1.1 criteria utilizing CT scans every 3 months, or earlier when needed, and bone scans every 6–12 months. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time from the initiation of CDK4/6 inhibitors to the date of radiological or clinical progression or death and was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared by the Log rank test. Multivariate Cox regression modeling was performed with covariates including menopausal status (premenopausal versus postmenopausal), prior chemotherapy, site of metastases (visceral versus bone-only), and line of treatment (first-line or beyond).
Results
A total of 257 patients with MBC who received ET and CDK4/6 inhibitors (ribociclib in all patients) were included. Median age was 48 (22–87) years, 122 (47.5%) were premenopausal and except for one patient, all were female. Majority of the tumors were invasive ductal 211 (82.1%) and 137 (53.3%) patients had de novo metastatic disease. At the time of CDK4/6 treatment, 135 (52.5%) had visceral metastases. Majority 162 (63.0%) received ribociclib as a first-line therapy while the others had it as second line and beyond, .
Table 1 Characteristics of the Patients (n = 257)
In total, 114 (44.4%) of the patients were HER2-zero (IHC-0), while 143 (55.6%) others had HER2-low disease, as defined above. The ORR for the HER2-zero group was 52.0% compared to 39.4% for the HER2-low group (p = 0.005). The median PFS was 22.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.4-NR) months for HER2-zero versus 17.3 (95% CI 14.1–20.6) months for HER2-low, p = 0.0039 ().
Figure 1 Progression-free survival for HER2-low versus HER2-zero.
In the univariable Cox proportional hazard analysis, PFS was significantly lower in patients with visceral metastasis (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.29–2.54; P = 0.001), received prior chemotherapy (HR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.27–2.55; P = 0.001), HER2 low (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.19–2.36; p = 0.003), and for whom received ribociclib as a second line or beyond (HR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.60–3.16; P < 0.001) ().
Table 2 Univariable and Multivariable Cox Proportional Regression Analysis of Variable with Progression-Free Survival
On the other hand, there was no significant PFS difference based on histology, tumor grade, time of metastasis either De novo or relapse, menopausal status, or smoking history.
In the multivariable analysis, PFS was lower in HER2-low than in HER2-zero group (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.06–2.13; P = 0.021) after adjustment for site of metastasis, prior chemotherapy, and line of treatment ().
Discussion
Our study evaluated the differences in treatment outcomes of patients with HER2-low versus those with HER2-zero MBC treated with CDK4/6 inhibitors (ribociclib) and AI or fulvestrant in various metastatic settings, and clearly showed significant differences according to HER2 expression level in favor of those with HER2-zero. Such findings, if confirmed in larger studies, may have significant clinical impact, especially so after the introduction of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) that have shown a meaningful effect when used to treat HER2-low breast cancer. The data from phase-3 DESTINY Breast-04 trial showed improvement in PFS and OS with ADC trastuzumab deruxtecan compared to investigator choice in HER2-low metastatic breast cancer, thus affirming HER2-low as a distinct entity of breast cancer and resulted in paradigm shift in breast cancer classification. So, our findings may help select a subgroup of HR-positive, HER2-negative patients (HER2-low) with MBC who benefit less from CDK4/6 inhibitors who can be offered other drugs like antibody-drug conjugates as discussed above.
Several other studies reached similar conclusions. A study from Hong Kong reported treatment outcomes on 106 patients treated mostly with palbociclib (85%), majority (77%) of the patients were considered HER2-low and had a shorter median PFS compared with HER2-zero patients; 8.9 versus 18.8 months, p = 0.01.Citation23 Another Greek multicenter study reported real-world data testing the same concept on 191 patients and showed worsening PFS with increasing HER2 expression; 3.35 years for HER2-zero patients, 2.18 years for HER2 +1 patients, and 1.74 years for HER2 +2/ISH-negative patients; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.477).Citation24
However, another Italian study from six oncology units reached a different conclusion. In this retrospective study, 252 consecutive HR-positive/HER2-negative patients, all with MBC were treated with ET plus palbociclib in first-line setting. No significant difference in PFS (p = 0.20) or OS (p = 0.1) was observed between HER2-zero and HER2-low subgroups. However, only 165 (65%) patients were included in the analysis and patients enrolled were significantly older than ours; median age at treatment start was 64 years compared to 48 years in our study.Citation25 Another smaller study that enrolled only 45 patients and utilized palbociclib showed no difference in the efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitors in HER2-zero and HER2-low groups.Citation26
In our institution, we utilize the widely used Ventana 4B5 assay to determine HER2 status. However, recent studies have uncovered significant inconsistencies and insufficient reproducibility when determining HER2 IHC status, particularly in cases with low expression levels.Citation27 This is due to the limitations of FDA-approved HER2 IHC assays, which primarily focus on identifying positive or negative cases and provide limited assessment and differentiation for cases with low expression (0/1+) levels.Citation28,Citation29 These findings raise concerns regarding the performance of these assays, not only for the historical drugs they were originally approved for, but also for their potential use with new drugs. As a result, there is a need for further investigation into the suitability and effectiveness of these assays in both contexts.
Our study is not without limitations; its retrospective nature and the use of only one CDK4/6 inhibitors (ribociclib) are potential limitations.
However, our data, and the very few published others, should be an eye opener for HER2-low as a distinctive pathological and clinical entity. More studies and clinical trials are anticipated in different settings including neoadjuvant therapy in early-stage breast cancer.Citation30
Conclusions
In patients with MBC treated with ribociclib and ET, level of HER2 negativity may affect treatment outcomes; patients with HER2-zero have better PFS compared to those with HER2-low disease. These findings, if confirmed in larger studies, should help oncologists select patients with HER2-low for better treatment options.
Data Sharing Statement
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics Declarations
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) (Approval Number: 20 KHCC 136) at King Hussein Cancer Center, and all procedures were performed based on the regulations of Helsinki. Given the retrospective nature of the study and lack of patients’ identifiers, consent to participate was waived the IRB.
Consent for Publication
Data submitted are entirely unidentifiable, and there are no details on individuals reported within the manuscript.
Author Contributions
All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure
The authors declared that they have no conflicting interest.
Acknowledgment
The abstract of this paper was presented at the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (SABCS), San Antonio, TX, USA (06-10 December 2022) as a poster presentation with interim findings. The poster’s abstract was published as a conference proceeding: Cancer Research; 2023; 83 (5_Supplement): P4-07-33. Available at: https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/83/5_Supplement/P4-07-33/717994/Abstract-P4-07-33-Differences-in-Treatment
Additional information
Funding
References
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