Current Applications and Future Perspectives of CRISPR-Cas9 for the Treatment of Lung Cancer

Abstract

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins are referred to as CRISPR-Cas9. Bacteria and archaea have an adaptive (acquired) immune system. As a result, developing the best single regulated RNA and Cas9 endonuclease proteins and implementing the method in clinical practice would aid in the treatment of diseases of various origins, including lung cancers. This seminar aims to provide an overview of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, as well as current and potential applications and perspectives for the method, as well as its mechanism of action in lung cancer therapy. This technology can be used to treat lung cancer in two different ways. The first approach involves creating single directed RNA and Cas9 proteins and then distributing them to cancer cells using suitable methods. Single directed RNA looks directly at the lung’s mutated epidermal growth factor receptor and makes a complementary match, which is then cleaved with Cas9 protein, slowing cancer progression. The second method is to manipulate the expression of ligand-receptors on immune lymphocytic cells. For example, if the CRISPR-Cas9 system disables the expression of cancer receptors on lymphocytes, it decreases the contact between the tumor cell and its ligand-receptor, thus slowing cancer progression.

Keywords:

• CRISPR
• Cas9
• CRISPR-Cas9 technology
• cancer
• lung cancer
• cancer treatment

Abbreviations

ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; CRISPR, Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat; CRISPR-Cas, Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated; CrRNA, Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat ribonucleic acid; DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid; DSB, Double-stranded break; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; HDR, Homologous directed repair; mRNA, Messenger ribonucleic acid; NHEJ, Non-homologous end-joining; PD 1, Programmable death protein 1; RNA, Ribonucleic acid; SgRNA, Single guided ribonucleic acid; TracrRNA, Trans activating clustered regularly short palindromic repeat ribonucleic acid; TKIs, Tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Author Contributions

All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work”.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest for this work.

Additional information

Funding

There is no funding to report.