The evaluation of older patients with cervical cancer

Abstract

Objective

The number of elderly patients being diagnosed with cervical cancer is increasing, and the outcome of cervical cancer related to age is controversial. We conducted a retrospective analysis in patients treated for advanced cervical cancer in order to investigate patient characteristics and prognosis of older patients.

Methods

Medical records were collected of 159 patients with cervical cancer who had been treated with radiotherapy or combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy from January 2007 to January 2009. The patients were divided into two age groups: (1) patients ≥65 years old, and (2) patients <65 years old. There were 52 women in group 1, 107 in group 2. Prognosis, patient characteristics, treatment, and toxicities were evaluated.

Results

With a median follow-up of 36.5 months, local control for groups 1 and 2 was 88.5% and 79.4%, respectively. Disease-free survival for the two groups was 71.2% and 67.3%; overall survival was 73.1% and 72.9%. As shown by univariate analyses, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Seventy-six patients had human papillomavirus (HPV) at diagnosis (twelve women ≥65 years, 64 women ≤65 years; P = 0.000). Forty-two women tested positive for HPV 16, while 32 women tested positive for HPV 18 respectively. Pelvic and/or paraaortic lymph-node metastasis was found in 25 patients (eight in group 1, 17 in group 2; P = 0.960) on computed tomography scan. Of the 159 patients analyzed, sixteen patients (16/52) in group 1 received concurrent chemotherapy, while 96 (96/107) in group 2 completed that treatment.

Conclusions

Cervical cancer has the same prognosis in old and young women. Age may not be an independent increased risk of death in women with cervical cancer, and the age-group is at lower risk for virulent HPV strands (HPV 16/18) compared to younger patients. Treatment recommendations were implemented less often for older patients. Radiotherapy remained the most common treatment chosen for elderly patients. This confirms that there is a stronger need to pay attention to the elderly patient.

Keywords:

• cervical cancer
• older women

Introduction

Cervical cancer is the second most common major malignancy among women worldwide.¹ Research has established the incidence of cervical cancer peaks in the fourth decade of life, with a median age at diagnosis of 48 years. The number of elderly patients being diagnosed with cervical cancer is increasing in Europe, and older women account for more than 40% of the deaths from cervical cancer annually.² In an increasingly older population (on the basis of recent figures for population growth, it is estimated that the number of women over 65 years will increase by 23%),³ comorbid conditions and other factors that determine frailty – such as performance status – will probably play an increasing role in clinical decision-making and outcomes.

However, the impact of age on survival of patients with cervical cancer remains uncertain. Some older studies suggested that cervical cancer has the same prognosis in old and young women.⁴ Others suggested that younger age is an unfavorable prognostic factor, especially in more advanced stages.⁵ In contrast, Wright et al demonstrated that age is a poor prognostic factor for cervical cancer.⁶ Moreover, it has been shown that younger patients may have improved outcome compared to older patients,^7–9 and that advanced age is linked to decreased survival in a variety of cancers.^10,11

Since the outcome of cervical cancer related to age is controversial, and the determination of the effect of age on outcome is complicated by several related issues, including the risk of death from competing age-related illnesses, stage of disease, method of treatment, and histologic type,^12,13 we conducted a retrospective analysis in patients treated in our institution in order to investigate the prognosis, patient characteristics, treatment, and toxicities of older patients with advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

Materials and methods

Patients

The Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi’an Jiao Tong University of China, People’s Republic of China, approved this study. Data were collected retrospectively from the records of 159 consecutive patients with locally advanced cervical cancer who had been treated with radiotherapy or combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy from January 2007 to January 2009. All patients had provided written informed consent for treatment.

The patients included in this study presented with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages I–IIIB, good performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0 [asymptomatic], or 1 [symptomatic but ambulatory]), no uncontrolled concomitant disease, no connective tissue disease, and no prior irradiation. For evaluation, we divided our cohort into two age-groups: (1) patients ≥65 years old, and (2) patients <65 years old. There were 52 women in group 1, 107 in group 2.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing for 13 carcinogenic HPV genotypes (HPV 16, 18, 3 1, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 68) was performed using HC2 according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Conventional cytology was used.

Radiation therapy

External beam radiation therapy was delivered in a conventional fraction (1.8 Gy/fraction, five fractions/week) using a 10 MV photon beam from a linear accelerator. A total dose of 50.4 Gy was administered to the entire pelvis. This was followed by intracavitary brachytherapy at a dose of 5 Gy in four fractions to point A (the paracervical triangle on the medial edge of the broad ligament where the uterine vessels cross the ureter), which was delivered by a remote afterloading system. External beam radiation therapy was interrupted if the white blood cell count fell below 1,000/mm³ or if platelets fell below 50,000/mm³, and was resumed once counts rose above these levels.

Chemotherapy

Cisplatin and fluorouracil were the chemotherapy agents administered. Cisplatin was given in a dose of 40 mg/m²/day for 3 days; fluorouracil was given at 500 mg/m²/day continuous infusion from the first to the fifth day with radiotherapy.

Patients were seen weekly by a physician for a physical examination and a complete blood count test. Chemotherapy was stopped if creatinine clearance was <30 mL/minute, and interrupted if patients had ≥grade 3 gastrointestinal toxicity, the total white blood cell count was ≤4,000/mm³, or platelets were ≤100,000/mm³. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors were used when absolute neutrophil count fell ≤500/mm³ or total white blood cell count fell ≤1,000/mm³.

Toxicity

During treatment, toxicities were assessed weekly and graded in accordance with the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria of Adverse Events: 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe; and 4, life-threatening or disabling.¹⁴

Statistical analyses

Data were stored and analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The Kaplan–Meier approach and the log-rank test were used to compare survival profiles between the two patient groups. P <0.05 was considered significant for all statistical analyses.

Results

Patient characteristics

In total, 159 patients were included from January 2007 to January 2009. The median age of the patients at the time of diagnosis was 49.2 years (range 21–78 years). They all had squamous cell carcinoma. Among them, 76 patients had HPV at diagnosis, 42 tested positive for HPV 16 at enrolment, and 34 tested positive for HPV 18 and other carcinogenic HPV types (twelve women ≥65 years, 64 women ≤65 years; P=0.000). Forty-eight patients were diagnosed in FIGO stage IIB (16 in group 1, 32 in group 2), and 100 patients were diagnosed in FIGO stage IIIB (32 in group 1, 68 in group 2). Pelvic and/or paraaortic lymph-node metastasis was found in 25 patients (eight in group 1, 17 in group 2) on computed tomography (CT) scan. Of the 159 patients analyzed, 16 patients (16/52) in group 1 received concurrent chemotherapy, while 36 patients refused the treatment. Ninety-six (96/107) in group 2 completed that treatment.

During the follow-up interval, 14 patients in group 1 and 29 patients in group 2 died. Thirty-six patients died of tumor-related disease, and 74 patients died of causes other than cancer. Tumor recurrence was observed in 28 patients (six in group 1, 22 in group 2). In the entire group, metastasis occurred in 17 patients (four in group 1, 13 in group 2). Patient characteristics are outlined in Table 1.

Table 1 Clinicopathology of patients by treatment group

Characteristic	Group 1a	Group 2b	P-value
ECOG performance status
0 or 1	48	99	0.961
>1	4	8
Hemoglobin
≥10 g/dL	35	70	0.814
<10 g/dL	17	37
Stage
I	4	7	0.952
IIB	16	32
IIIB	32	68
Grade
1–2	29	57	0.767
3	23	50
HPV	12	64	0.000
Initial treatment			0.000
R	36	11
R + C	16	96
Relapse	5	21	0.109
Metastasis	4	13	0.394
Positive lymph nodes	8	17	0.935

Notes:

a Patients ≥65 years old, n = 52;

b patients <65 years old, n = 107.

Abbreviations: ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; HPV,human papilloma virus; R, radiotherapy; C, chemotherapy.

Survival and local control

With a median follow-up time of 36.5 months (range 6–52 months), local control for groups 1 and 2 was 88.5% and 79.4%, respectively. Disease-free survival for the two groups was 71.2% and 67.3%; overall survival was 73.1% and 72.9%. As shown by univariate analyses, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05) (Figure 1 and Table 2).

Table 2 Three-year local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates stratified by patient group (n, %)

	Group 1a	Group 2b	P-value
Local control rates	46/52	85/107	0.161
Disease-free survival rates	37/52	72/107	0.622
Overall survival	38/52	78/107	0.981

Notes:

a Patients ≥65 years old, n = 52;

b patients <65 years old, n = 107.

Figure 1 (A and B) Survival analysis in locally advanced cervical carcinoma, stratified by groups 1 and 2 (P > 0.05, all). (A) Overall survival curves. (B) Disease-free survival curves.

Toxicities

Anemia and neutropenia were found in eleven and 20 patients, respectively. In group 1, 14 and 17 patients developed anemia and neutropenia, while in group 2, 58 and 77 patients developed these side effects. The differences in acute hematologic toxicity between the two patient groups was significant (P = 0.001 for anemia, P = 0.000 for neutropenia). Fewer cases of hematologic toxicity happened in group 1 than in group 2. Ten patients developed thrombocytopenia. The incidence of this was 3.8% and 7.5% in groups 1 and 2, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the patient groups in terms of the incidence of subcutaneous, gastrointestinal, or genitourinary toxicities (Table 3).

Table 3 Toxicities stratified by patient group

	Group 1a	Group 2b	P-value
Anemia	14/52	58/107	0.001
Neutropenia	17/52	77/107	0.000
Thrombocytopenia	2/52	8/107	0.376
Subcutaneous tissue	13/52	56/107	0.001
Gastrointestinal	3/52	11/107	0.346
Genitourinary	2/52	10/107	0.218

Notes:

a Patients ≥65 years old, n = 52;

b patients <65 years old, n = 107.

Discussion

Cancer of the uterine cervix is mainly a disease of middle-aged and older women.^15,16 Multiple studies have demonstrated that older women have advanced-stage disease at the time of diagnosis. Brun et al reported that older women present with more advanced disease in France.¹⁷ Similarly, Ioka et al reported older women in Japan to present with a later stage at diagnosis and have a poorer outcome, likely from underutilization of Pap smears.¹¹ We discovered a majority of older patients in our study had advanced-stage disease (62.9%) at diagnosis. This percentage of patients with advanced-stage cervical cancer appears to be significantly higher than the percentage of advanced disease found in large population studies.

Although large population-based studies have also demonstrated that survival for cervical cancer is inversely correlated with stage, survival among older women regardless of stage has been reported to be worse than women in their 40s and 50s.^17,18 But in our study, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in disease-free survival and overall survival in spite of older patients being treated less aggressively than younger women. This is in accordance with Lindegaard et al, who found that age was not a significant variable in any of the investigated end points when standard treatment protocols were completed by reviewing radiotherapy treatment in 114 women with a median age of 75.5 years.¹⁹ Our data support the view that outcomes in older women may not be independently correlated with age alone.

Since it is well established that lymph-node metastases are a poor prognostic factor in cervical cancer,^20–23 several studies evaluated surgically staged patients of all ages with locally advanced cervical cancer and reported lymph-node metastases ranging from 26.7% to 71%.^20,22–24 Some study found 65.2% of patients over age 60 years with stage IB2–IVB who were surgically staged had positive lymph nodes. Larger reviews and multiple series report approximately 20%–50% of pelvic lymph nodes and 10%–30% of paraaortic lymph nodes will contain metastases with locally advanced tumors.³ In our study, we investigated the incidence of lymph-node metastases in women aged 65 years and older with advanced cervical cancer and found only eight of 48 (16.7%) patients with pelvic and/or paraaortic lymph-node metastasis on CT scan.

Survival and lymph-node metastasis incidence of very elderly patients seems to be similar with patients younger than 65 years; different etiologies should be sought in order to explain these findings. Well-known prognostic factors, such as performance status, relapse in an irradiated field, and metastases, were similar among young and old women. Since there were no differences in the disease characteristics or the treatment allocated between age-groups, a possible explanation could be a difference in the biological characteristics of cervical cancer among patients of different ages. According to some reports, one in younger and one in older women, this bimodal incidence may be related to a difference in the etiology, biology, or risk factors between age-groups.^25,26 Maybe the biological characteristics of cervical cancer are related to HPV. HPV has been reported as a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer, and is detectable in virtually all patients with cervical cancer.²⁷ It also plays a role in the etiology of noncervical cancers.^28–32 The fact is that HPV infection with oncogenic strains is necessary for the development of cervical cancer and that more than 70% of the cervical cancers are attributed to types 16/18. Our results match this (42 women tested positive for HPV 16, while 32 women tested positive for HPV 18). This age-group may be at higher risk for more virulent HPV strands, resulting in more aggressive tumor histology secondary to physiologic changes of the cervix. Castle et al have demonstrated that physiologic changes of the cervix that occur with aging alter the HPV subtypes found in older women.²⁵ But in our study, this age-group is at lower risk for more virulent HPV strands. Older patients who did not complete concurrent chemotherapy were also able to achieve 3-year local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival that was comparable to younger patients. This might be associated with less aggressive tumor biological characteristics of cervical cancer, since HPV is important to biological characteristics.

Some trials also found that age is an important factor for the selection and allocation of treatment, especially in advanced disease. Elderly cervical cancer patients are usually treated with less aggressive treatments than their younger counterparts, because of considerations concerning patient safety.³³ Based on research, age especially influenced the therapy of choice: radiotherapy or chemoradiation. It is known that the elderly are less likely to receive aggressive therapy. Older women are more likely than their younger counterparts to refuse aggressive treatment.^34,35 Our study showed that for elderly patients, radiotherapy remained the most common treatment chosen. This fact might not influence the survival of elderly patients, which may reflect different biological behavior of the tumor in the case of older patients. What is more, it reduced acute hematologic toxicity. We also found that younger women had anemia and neutropenia more frequently than older women, which may be related to older women being more likely to get radiotherapy instead of chemo.

In conclusion, cervical cancer has the same prognosis in old and young women. Age may not be an independent increased risk factor for death in women with cervical cancer, and the older age-group is at lower risk for virulent HPV strands (HPV 16/18) compared to younger patients. Treatment recommendations were implemented less for older patients. Radiotherapy remained the most common treatment chosen for elderly patients. The findings of this study confirm our clinical impressions and provide some important information with which to move forward in developing research for elderly patients. This confirms that increased attention should be given to the elderly patient, and the development of age-specific guidelines may therefore be warranted.

However, the study has some limitations. First, the study’s results are limited by its retrospective design and the fact that the data are from a single institution, and we cannot exclude the possibility that other factors correlated with survival. Secondly, older people are less likely to get chemo than younger women, and are obviously less likely to have hematologic toxicities. Thus, that may possibly introduce more bias and skew results. Finally, decreased immunity due to aging should be discussed, as it is highly relevant to the target population. Therefore, further research about older patients with cervical cancer should be undertaken in the future.

Acknowledgment

This work is supported by the Foundation of the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi’an Jiaotong University (2010YK3). People’s Republic of China.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.