The efficacy and safety of apatinib in Ewing’s sarcoma: a retrospective analysis in one institution

Abstract

Background

Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) is a highly aggressive and metastatic neoplasm occurring mainly in children and young adults. The standard treatment of localized ES requires a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Although the 5-year survival rate for local ES has improved, the survival rate and prognosis are still very poor for metastatic or recurrent ES patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of apatinib, a specific vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor, in ES patients.

Methods

This retrospective analysis involved eleven patients with ES not amenable to curative treatment. All patients suffered poor responses to two cycles of chemotherapy (vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide). Apatinib 500 mg (or 250 mg) was given daily. Tumor responses were assessed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan–Meier test. The safety profile was also recorded.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 18 (range, 10–31) years. The 12-month overall survival and progression-free survival rates were 90% and 72%, respectively. Four patients achieved partial response, and four patients achieved stable disease, with objective response rate of 40%. The median follow-up in our study was 16 months (range, 3–26 months). The most common adverse events included hand–foot skin reaction (n=5; 45%), oral ulcers (n=4; 36%), and gastrointestinal discomfort (n=4; 36%).

Conclusion

Apatinib may provide as second- or first-line treatment options for ES patients, particularly in chemoresistant cases. Further studies with more cases and longer follow-up will be necessary to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of apatinib in ES patients.

Keywords:

• Ewing’s sarcoma
• apatinib
• vascular endothelial growth factor
• efficacy
• safety

Introduction

Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFTs) are a group of aggressive neoplasms of the bone and soft tissue, characterized histologically by small, round, blue cells. ESFTs mainly occur in adolescents and young adults, between ages 10 and 20 years, as primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Specifically, they are malignant small-cell tumors of the thoracopulmonary region and classic Ewing sarcomas of the bone and soft tissue.^1,2 Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) is characterized by chromosomal translocation involving the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1) gene, and 85% of cases are associated with translocations of EWSR1 on chromosome 22 to chromosome 11.^2,3

Nearly 27% of ES patients are found to have metastatic lesions at diagnosis, and the remaining patients have localized cancer.⁴ A multidisciplinary approach including risk-adapted chemotherapy and local therapy (surgery and radiation therapy) has significantly increased the survival of patients with localized disease.⁵ However, the prognosis of advanced ES patients is still grave, with 5-year survival rates of only 20%–30%.^6,7 According to the Clinical Practice Guideline of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, the first-line treatment with systemic therapy is recommended, including vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and etoposide. Nevertheless, the second-line therapy of ES depends on previous completion of adjuvant therapy and first-line treatment, as well as patient’s tolerance.

Several second-line chemotherapy regimens have been recommended for refractory or recurrent ES,^8,9 cancers that are typically refractory to conventional chemotherapy and irradiation.¹⁰ In addition, there are still no randomized studies comparing different regimens for the second-line chemotherapy treatments. Moreover, the best second-line regimens have not been identified, and further investigation will be required to identify them.

Apatinib is a novel receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively competes for the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) ATP-binding site, blocking downstream signaling, and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis.^11,12 Apatinib has been reported to improve progression-free survival (PFS), and consequently overall survival (OS), in patients with advanced gastric cancer.¹³ It is thought to be a potentially useful agent to expand the therapeutic options in various sarcomas, including angiosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and myxoid/round cell liposarcoma.^14,15

To our best knowledge, there are no prior reports on the effects of apatinib on ES, and therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of apatinib, a specific VEGFR-2 inhibitor, in patients with these cancers. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate the association of antiangiogenesis-related adverse events (AEs) with clinical outcomes in ES patients and to report the data from a total of eleven of these patients treated with apatinib. Our report describes the usage, safety, and efficacy of apatinib in ES patients, who were being treated in the Department of Orthopedics at West China Hospital.

Patients and methods

Eligibility criteria

The study was conducted retrospectively on patients treated between February 1, 2016, and January 1, 2018. The inclusion criteria included 1) histologically proven ES, 2) initial treatment in the Department of Orthopedics of West China Hospital, 3) tumors that were not amenable to curative treatment (with unresectable lesions or distant metastasis), 4) measur able lesions according to Response Evaluation Criteria for Solid Tumors (RECIST),¹⁶ 5) an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 or 1, and 6) chemotherapy rejection or at least two prior cycles of chemotherapy, including VAC (vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) or VAIE (vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide alternating with ifosfamide and etoposide).

Treatment methods

Because these patients had not responded to conventional chemotherapy, apatinib was administered at a dose of 500 mg once daily. For patients younger than 10 years, we used 250 mg once daily.¹⁷ One treatment cycle was 28 days long. One dose reduction (to 250 mg) or interruptions of therapy for drug-related toxicity was allowed. Dose-limiting toxicity was defined as possibly or definitely drug-related grades 3–4 toxic responses. This study was performed according to the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki and the Institutional Review Board of Sichuan University West China Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients when they began treatment for apatinib. The study protocol followed all appropriate guidelines according to the Declaration of Helsinki.

Evaluation of efficacy and safety

In this retrospective study, we were mainly concerned with documenting the objective response rate (ORR), including complete response and partial response (PR) cases, as well as the PFS for each apatinib protocol according to RECIST 1.1. Moreover, OS and toxicities encountered in the study were also recorded. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging. The safety evaluation was based on the frequency and severity of events assessed according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events.¹⁸ Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used for PFS estimation. Data analyses were performed using SPSS 20.0 software (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

Patients’ characteristics

From February 1, 2016, to January 1, 2018, eleven consecutive advanced ES patients were enrolled. All pathologic diagnoses were confirmed at West China Hospital. Patients’ clinical characteristics at entry to the study are summarized in Table 1. One patient was lost to follow-up, and one patient stopped using apatinib because of toxicity. Median followup time was 15.8 months (range, 3.0–26.0 months). Before treatment with apatinib, first line of prior chemotherapy was administrated for at least two cycles. Seven patients (63.6%) had metastasis at initial presentation (including lung, spine, and bone metastasis).

Table 1 Patients’ characteristics

Characteristics	Number of patients
Sex
Male	6 (54.5)
Female	5 (45.5)
Age (years)
Median	18 (10–31)
10–20	6 (54.5)
20–30	4 (36.4)
>30	1 (9)
Metastatic site
No metastasis	4 (36.4)
Lung only	4 (36.4)
Bone only	1 (9.1)
Othersa	2 (18.1)
Number of previous treatment lines
1	9 (81.8)
2	0 (0)
>2	1 (9.1)
Othersb	1 (9.1)

Notes: Data are represented as n (%) and median (range).

a Others including lung and spine

b other means the patient can not provide the chemotherapy regimens

Treatment methods

Among eleven patients, five (45.4%) patients received chemotherapy, local surgery, and then apatinib. Another five (45.4%) patients received apatinib and chemotherapy in combination, and stable disease (SD) was achieved. The last one (9.2%) patient received only apatinib, because chemotherapy was rejected after a lung metastasis was found at the initial diagnosis (Table 2).

Table 2 Different treatment combinations and response

Target therapy	n (%)	Best responsea
Apatinib alone	1 (9.1)	PD
Chemotherapy+apatinibb	5 (45.5)	PR
Chemotherapy+surgery+apatinibc	5 (45.5)	PR

Notes:

a PR and PD according to RECIST 1.1.

b Chemotherapy (VAC or VAIE for at least two cycles) was administered with apatinib.

c Chemotherapy and surgery were administered with apatinib.

Abbreviations: PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; SD, stable disease; VAC, vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide; VAIE, vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide alternating with ifosfamide and etoposide.

All eleven patients were evaluated by physicians in our clinic on a monthly basis and with at least chest CT and imaging of tumor lesions at other sites.

Efficacy

By the last scheduled visit (Table 3), one patient was lost to follow-up and one patient died of lung metastasis. The median PFS was 16.0 months (95% CI). Four (40%) of ten patients had PRs (Figure 1), and four (40%) had SD (Table 4). Two (20%) patients developed progressive disease (PD). The 6- and 12-month OS rates were 90.0% and 78.8%, respectively. Moreover, the 6- and 12-month PFS rates were 81.8% and 71.6%, respectively (Figures 2 and 3). The ORR was 40% (4/10) for ES.

Table 3 Clinical characteristics of eleven Ewing sarcoma patients treated with apatinib

Patients	Sex	Age (years)	ECOG PS	Location of primary disease	Metastatic site	Surgery before apatinib	Chemotherapy before apatinib	Treatment line for apatinib	Initial dose (mg)	Overall survival (months)	Progression- free survival	Medication time	Efficacy
1	Male	15	1	Left humerus	No	Yes	Yes	2	250	Not achieved	Not achieved	6.7	SD
2	Female	10	1	Pelvis	No	No	Yes	1	250	Not achieved	Not achieved	27.3	SD
3	Male	19	NA	Pelvis	Lung	No	No	1	500	2.2	1.8	1.2	PD
4	Male	24	2	Spine	Lung, spine	Yes	Yes	3	500	Not achieved	Not achieved	4.7	PR
5	Female	10	1	Hand	Lung	No	Yes	1	250	Not achieved	10.2	2.0	PR
6	Female	14	2	Pelvis	Lung	No	Yes	1	500	4.5	3.1	1.5	NA
7	Male	18	2	Pelvis	No	No	Yes	1	500	Not achieved	Not achieved	6.8	PR
8	Female	21	2	Pelvis	Lung	Yes	Yes	2	500	Not achieved	Not achieved	19.5	PR
9	Female	31	1	Pelvis	No	No	Yes	1	500	Not achieved	Not achieved	10.6	SD
10	Male	15	2	Scapula	Lung, humerus, and spine	Yes	Yes	2	500	17.3	14.2	14.2	SD
11	Female	21	3	Femur	Lung	Yes	Yes	2	500	Not achieved	2.1	2.1	PD

Abbreviations: ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; NA, not applicable; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; PS, performance status; SD, stable disease.

Table 4 Patients’ clinical evaluations

Clinical evaluations	Number of patients
n (missing)	10 (1)
CR	0 (0.00)
PR	4 (40.00)
SD	4 (40.00)
PD	2 (20.00)
ORR (95% CI)	40.00 (12.16–73.76)
DCR (95% CI)	80.00 (44.39–97.48)

Note: Data are represented as n (%) and median (range).

Abbreviations: CR, complete response; DCR, disease control rate; ORR, objective response rate; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease.

Figure 1 The patient with PR showing response to the treatment with apatinib.

Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier estimates of PFS for all patients.

Figure 3 Kaplan–Meier estimates of OS for all patients.

Abbreviation: OS, overall survival.

Abbreviation: PFS, progression-free survival.

Note: MRIs of the pelvis are shown before and after treatment.

Abbreviations: MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PR, partial response.

Safety and toxicity

The treatment was interrupted in one (10%) patient because of hand–foot syndrome. Two patients (15- and 19-year-old males) died of lung metastasis because of respiratory failure. Toxicities encountered in the study are listed in Table 5. Most adverse reactions were mild (grades 1–2) and easily controlled. However, some more serious adverse reactions occurred and were of variable severity. The only grade 3 reaction was hand–foot syndrome.

Table 5 Adverse events

Adverse events	Total, n (%)	Grade
		1	2	3–4
Hand–foot skin reaction	5	2	2	1
Anorexia	2	2	0	0
Proteinuria	1	0	1	0
Hair hypopigmentation	2	0	2	0
Wound-healing problems	1	0	1	0
Oral ulcers	4	1	3	0
Gastrointestinal discomforta	4	2	2	0
Thrombocytopenia	1	1	0	0
Epistaxis	1	0	1	0
Elevated aminotransferase or bilirubin	1	1	0	0

Note:

a Gastrointestinal discomfort means nausea/vomiting.

Discussion

ES is aggressive with high metastatic tendency and can develop resistance to conventional chemotherapy.¹⁹ The mechanisms by which ES become resistant to chemotherapy are varied and can involve inherent resistance of the cancer stem cells, drug metabolizing enzymes, modulation of cellular signal transduction pathways, and tumor heterogeneity.¹⁹

Several phase I and II clinical trials have reported investigational therapies for ES, including insulin growth factor-receptor antibody, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition, poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibition, telomerase inhibition, Akt, nuclear factor κB, BRAF, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).^20–22 Owing to obvious side effects and translation failure of these observations into clinical strategies, multiple parallel pathways and cellular processes will need further investigation.

Among these possible therapeutic targets, VEGF has been highlighted in ES cell lines. Inhibition or blockade of VEGF can result in the suppression of ES tumor growth.²³ There also appears to be an association of VEGF expression with poor prognosis of ES patients.^24–28 VEGF has an important role in tumor angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Although there are many subtypes of VEGF, VEGFR-2 is the key mediator of the recognized VEGF-induced phenotypes.²⁹ Apatinib, a specific VEGFR-2 inhibitor, was licensed by the China Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of advanced/metastatic gastric cancer and adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction in 2014. Its anticancer effects have been reported in a broad range of malignancies such as osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and alveolar soft part sarcoma.^17,30

Previous studies have evaluated the response of advanced bone and soft tissue sarcomas to apatinib. Zhu et al³⁰ reported an ORR of 33.3% when apatinib was administered as a second-line or further-line treatment. Xie et al reported, as a second-line or further-line treatment, the ORR was 40.9% (9/22) for osteosarcoma, 70%(7/10) for ES, 100% (3/3 cases) for chondrosarcoma, and 71.4% (15/21) for soft tissue sarcoma.¹⁷ Thus, apatinib was a third-line treatment option for one ES patient in our study, with the result encouraging as a PR. In fact, apatinib has been reported as a first-line treatment for off-label use.^31,32 Therefore, we attempted to use apatinib as a second- or first-line treatment option for ES patients, particularly in cases resistant to chemotherapy and five of the ten ES patients took apatinib together with chemotherapy. Apatinib also was administered as a first-line treatment option for advanced ES patients in this study. Median follow-up in our study was 16.0 months, and one patient (10%) achieved a PD, two (20%) achieved SD, and two (20%) achieved PR. For four patients (40%) used apatinib as second-line treatment, one (10%) achieved a PD, two (20%) achieved a SD, and one (10%) developed a PR. In our study, the ORR with apatinib was 40% (4/10) in ES. Although Xie et al reported that their objective ORR was 70% (7/10) for ES patients, and our ORR rate was 40% (4/10), their patients met endpoints in a short period. We have achieved 12-month OS and PFS rates of 90.0% and 71.6%, respectively. As most patients are still assessed as having PR or SD, the duration of response of patients could not be evaluated. Apatinib was administered at a dose of 500 mg/day for adolescents and adults and 250 mg/day³⁰ for patients younger than 10 years, dosing that is lower than that used in the previous trials. Therefore, our ORR may have been limited by the lower drugs doses.

For the AEs, the most common toxicities are fatigue, hypertension, and hand–foot skin reaction (HFS).³⁰ Importantly, only one patient had to stop using apatinib as a result of toxicity (HFS). Four patients had oral ulcers and weight loss. Five of our patients had treatment-related gastrointestinal discomfort, and one patient had delayed wound healing. None of our patients had hypertension. Interestingly, previous studies reported that patients with grade 3/4 toxicities had a longer PFS than those without grade 3/4 toxicities, especially for patients with hypertension and HFS.³³ Similar results were found in our study.

We recognize that our study has some limitations. First, as a retrospective study, most patients had combined chemotherapy. Therefore, it is not strictly correct to draw comparisons with the used of apatinib and other drugs. Second, the inclusion criteria utilized were not as rigorous as those employed in formal prospective trials. Third, because only eleven ES patients were enrolled in our study, we had insufficient numbers to permit subset analyses and limited statistical power. Fourth, the dose of 250 mg apatinib adopted in this study for some patients was not widely recommended.

Conclusion

This study provides preliminary evidence of efficacy of apatinib in patients with advanced ES. Apatinib may prove to be a second-line or even a first-line treatment option for advanced ES patients, particularly in cases resistant to chemotherapy. Further studies with more patients and longer follow-up times will be necessary to fully determine the clinical efficacy of apatinib in ES. Indeed, it is likely that formal multicenter randomized clinical trials will be required to fully establish the effects of apatinib on ES patients.

Ethical statement

To preserve patient confidentiality and privacy, patient data have been deidentified before analysis. This retrospective study was performed based on the data from anonymized patients who received apatinib treatment between February 2016 and January 2018. Because of the nature of retrospective design and patient anonymization, the ethical board of Sichuan University West China Hospital approved the retrospective study and also determined that informed consent was not required.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported, in part, by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81702664). This abstract was selected for online publication presenting interim findings only, at the 2018 ASCO Annual Meeting, taking place on June 1–5, 2018, at the McCormick Place Convention Center in Chicago, Illi-nois (Abstract Submission ID: 211471; Password: 210783). The abstract was released by ASCO on May 16, 2018, at 5:00 PM EDT on meetinglibrary.asco.org.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.