Low-dose of olanzapine has ameliorating effects on cancer-related anorexia

Abstract

Background

Olanzapine (OLZ) has become well-known for its antiemetic effects on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. However, it remains unclear whether OLZ also has efficacy for treating cancer-related anorexia. This study, therefore, retrospectively examined whether or not OLZ administration affects the food intake in anorexic cancer patients who exhibit neither nausea nor vomiting.

Methods

Eighty patients prescribed OLZ were extracted from 951 inpatients who consulted with our palliative care team at Chiba University Hospital from April 2008 to March 2016. Their food intake described on a nursing record was compared before and after OLZ administration. The observation period was 3 days before and after the start of OLZ treatment, because most inpatients whose food intake increased were discharged in 3 days.

Results

In those 80 patients, the average dose of OLZ for 3 days was 2.28±0.87 (mean±SD) mg/day. First, the food intake in 80 patients was significantly higher after than before starting OLZ, and the relative change in food intake was 149% on average (P<0.0001, Student’s paired t-test). Second, OLZ increased the food intake even in 40 out of 80 patients without nausea or vomiting, and the relative change in food intake was 143% on average (P<0.001, Student’s paired t-test). Third, the average food intake increased in 13 out of 40 patients who were prescribed 1.5 mg/day of OLZ, and the relative change in food intake was 124% on average (P<0.01, Student’s paired t-test). There was no significant difference in food intake between a dose of 1.5 mg/day and a dose of >1.5 mg/day of OLZ (P=0.18, Welch’s unpaired t-test).

Conclusion

We have herein reported OLZ’s ameliorating efficacy in cancer-related anorexia at the low dose of 1.5 mg/day. Although our study has many limitations, low-dose OLZ can be a promising treatment for cancer-related anorexia.

Keywords:

• chemotherapy
• nausea
• cachexia
• appetite
• end-of-life care
• tranquilizer

Introduction

Olanzapine (OLZ) has long been known to have antiemetic effects in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Fourteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including six phase II^1–6 and two phase III^7,8 trials and lots of other clinical studies, as well as two systematic reviews,^9,10 abundantly proved OLZ’s effectiveness in treating CINV. OLZ was also reported to be effective for nausea and vomiting in advanced cancer patients and a palliative care population not undergoing chemotherapy.^11–14

It, however, remains unclear whether OLZ alone has an ameliorating effect on cancer patients’ anorexia, even when those patients exhibit no nausea or vomiting. As a matter of fact, one study suggested that combination treatment with OLZ and megestrol acetate has a beneficial effect on cancer-related anorexia, while one study reported that OLZ failed to increase the body weight of cancer cachexia patients.^15,16

Our current study was, therefore, performed to examine whether OLZ alone is effective in treating cancer-related anorexia by comparing food intake before and after OLZ administration in cancer patients.

Methods

Patients

A total of 951 patients, who were consulting with the palliative care team at Chiba University Hospital from April 2008 to March 2016, were identified by searching our inpatient database. Eighty patients out of 951 patients identified met the following inclusion and exclusion criteria and were eligible for further investigation of OLZ’s effectiveness. Those patients were hospitalized and could not be discharged from the hospital because of anorexia, which did not improve even after the chemotherapy was suspended and appropriate management of the other symptoms was done such as pain, dyspnea, constipation, electrolyte abnormalities, and dehydration.

Comparison of food intake before and after OLZ administration in all patients

The inclusion criteria were as follows:

1. Patients were diagnosed with cancer.

2. OLZ administration started after consulting the palliative care team.

3. The severity of appetite loss was greater than Grade 1 in the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 4.0.

The exclusion criteria were as follows:

1. The severity of somnolence was higher than Grade 1 in the CTCAE and/or patients were diagnosed with delirium, which may affect the food intake.

2. Patients fasted and/or had an intestinal obstruction.

3. Corticosteroid treatment was newly started or the dose of corticosteroid was increased between 7 days before and 3 days after OLZ administration.

Comparison of food intake before and after OLZ administration in patients without nausea or the addition of antiemetics

The exclusion criteria were as follows:

1. The severity of vomiting and/or nausea was higher than or equal to Grade 1 in the CTCAE.

2. Antiemetic medication was newly started or the dose of antiemetics was increased between 7 days before and 3 days after OLZ administration.

Dosage of OLZ

OLZ was administered once daily at night (after 6 p.m. and before midnight) in all cases. The dosage of the administered OLZ was averaged for 3 days in each case.

Comparison of food intake before and after OLZ administration

OLZ’s effect on cancer-related anorexia was evaluated by comparing the average food intake before and after starting OLZ. The observation period was 3 days before and after the start of OLZ treatment, respectively, because the patients whose food intake increased were discharged in 3 days after OLZ administration. The food intake at every meal was described on a nursing record by nurses without knowing whether OLZ affected the food intake or not. The average total food intake over 3 days was determined for the periods just before and after OLZ administration and compared. Even when a patient could not eat any main dishes or side dishes or even when a patient’s food intake was described as “one bite” or “one sip” on the nursing record, the food intake was counted as 5% rather than 0%. Usually, the food intake was separately quantified as principal food and other food components in Japan. Table 1 shows an example of a nursing record and how to quantify the average food intake in this study. For example, if a patient ate 100% of principal food and 90% of the other foods at breakfast and 70% of principal food and 90% of the other foods at lunch and he skipped supper due to loss of appetite 3 days before starting OLZ, his average food intake of the day should be {(100+90)/2 + (70+90)/2 + (5+5)/2}/3 = (95+80+5)/3=60 (%). When the average food intake for 3 days before starting OLZ was 50% and the average food intake for 3 days after starting OLZ was 70%, the relative change in food intake was expressed as 140%.

Table 1 An example of nursing record and quantification of food intake

Food intake (*principal foods, ^#other foods)	Before starting OLZ			After starting OLZ
	3 days	2 days	1 day	1 day	2 days	3 days
Breakfast	100*	80*	60*	80*	80*	70*
	90^#	80^#	40^#	60^#	90^#	70^#
Lunch	70*	50*	50*	60*	80*	70*
	90^#	30^#	40^#	80^#	80^#	60^#
Supper	5*	30*	30*	70*	70*	60*
	5^#	30^#	20^#	70^#	50^#	60^#
Average daily intake	60	50	40	70	75	65
Average intake for 3 days	50			70
Relative change in intake	(100)			140

Note: All numbers in columns show quantification of food intake (%).

Abbreviation: OLZ, olanzapine.

Data analysis

The relative change in average food intake was expressed as mean (%)±standard error of the mean (SEM) (Figures 1–4), and the average dose of administered OLZ was expressed as mean (mg/day)±SD in all results as appropriate. Student’s paired t-test was used for the analyses (Figures 1–3), and Welch’s unpaired t-test was used (Figure 4). The statistical significance levels of the two-tailed P-values were considered to be <0.05 in all analyses. Microsoft Excel 2016 software was used for all statistical analyses. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and with the approval of the Human Research Ethics Committee of Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine (Identification number: 2529). Most patients are deceased, and patient consent was not required under country-specific regulations because this was a retrospective study where all patient data were anonymized and no direct access to source data by the clinical research organization was allowed.

Figure 1 Distribution of the relative change showing a significant increase in food intake after OLZ administration in all patients (n=80).

Abbreviations: OLZ, olanzapine; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Figure 2 Distribution of the relative change showing a significant increase in food intake after OLZ administration in patients without nausea or the addition of antiemetics (n=40).

Abbreviations: OLZ, olanzapine; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Figure 3 Distribution of the relative change showing a significant increase in food intake by low-dose OLZ administration in patients without nausea or the addition of antiemetics (n=13).

Abbreviations: OLZ, olanzapine; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Figure 4 No significant increase of food intake in patients administered >1.5 mg/day of OLZ compared with patients administered 1.5 mg/day of OLZ.

Abbreviations: OLZ, olanzapine; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Results

Patient characteristics

Eighty patients who started OLZ treatment during our palliative care team’s intervention were extracted from 951 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria as described previously. The average age in these 80 cases, consisting of 45 females and 35 males, was 60.4±15.7 years. Table 2 shows the primary cancer sites in these 80 patients. For example, the primary cancer sites in order of descending prevalence were the uterus in 12 patients, lung in 10 patients, pancreas in 9 patients, and stomach in 7 patients out of 80 patients. There was no significant difference in the average age and dose of OLZ between genders and in response rate depending on the primary cancer sites (data not shown).

Table 2 Primary cancer sites in 80 patients

Cancer sites	No. of patients
Digestive organs (total 27)
Pancreas	9
Stomach	7
Colon	5
Esophagus	3
Liver/bile duct	3
Gynecological organs (total 13)
Uterus	12
Ovarium	1
Respiratory (total 11)
Lung	10
Malignant pleural mesothelioma	1
Nephro-urinary organs (total 10)
Prostate	4
Kidney	3
Bladder	2
Urinary duct	1
Blood (total 10)
Acute myeloid leukemia	3
Multiple myeloma	2
Malignant lymphoma	2
Others	3
Head and neck (total 3)
Larynx	2
Pharynx	1
Others (total 6)
Malignant melanoma	3
Malignant astrocytoma of spinal cord	1
Iliopsoas sarcoma	1
Unknown primary	1

Comparison of food intake between before and after OLZ administration in all patients

First, we checked whether or not OLZ increased the food intake in all 80 cancer-related anorexia patients who started OLZ treatment during our palliative care team’s intervention. The average food intake over 3 days was compared before and after the start of OLZ in these 80 patients. The average dose of OLZ for 3 days was 2.28±0.87 (mean±SD) mg/day. The maximum average dose was 5 mg/day, the minimum dose was 1.5 mg/day prescribed in powder forms, and the median dose was 2.5 mg/day. There was no patient with nausea and/or vomiting who was administered 1.5 mg/day of OLZ through 3 days because the dose of OLZ was increased during the observational time period expecting further antiemetic effects, even if the starting dose was 1.5 mg/day. In these 80 patients who were prescribed OLZ, the food intake was significantly higher after than before starting OLZ, and the relative change in food intake was 149% on average (P<0.0001, Student’s paired t-test) (Figure 1).

Comparison of food intake before and after OLZ administration in patients without nausea or the addition of antiemetics

Second, we examined whether OLZ increases the food intake regardless of its antiemetic effects. Forty out of 80 patients met the exclusion criteria of having no nausea or vomiting, and not having newly started or increased antiemetics between 7 days before and 3 days after OLZ administration. Twenty-four out of 40 patients were under the best supportive care, 7 patients received oral palliative chemotherapy (molecular-targeted agents), 5 patients were under cytotoxic chemotherapy where the elapsed time since the last chemotherapy was 15.4±8.0 (mean±SD) days. Two out of 40 patients were suffering from acute graft vs host disease (GVHD) after the transplants, 1 patient suffered from chronic GVHD, and 1 patient had been anorexic before her cancer was found and was hospitalized to receive surgery. In the 40 nausea-free patients, the average food intake was significantly higher after starting OLZ than before starting OLZ, and the relative change in food intake was 143%, on average (P<0.001, Student’s paired t-test) (Figure 2).

Effect of low-dose OLZ administration on food intake in patients without nausea or the addition of antiemetics

Third, we confirmed whether or not 1.5 mg/day of OLZ increased the food intake in nausea-free cancer-related anorexia patients. In 13 nausea-free patients who were prescribed with 1.5 mg/day of OLZ, the average food intake for 3 days after starting OLZ was significantly higher after than before, and the relative change in food intake was 124% on average (P<0.01, Student’s paired t-test) (Figure 3). Figure 5 shows the time course of each patient’s average daily food intake through the 3 days before and after starting treatment with 1.5 mg of OLZ.

Figure 5 Change of average daily food intake before and after low-dose OLZ administration in 13 patients (A–M) without nausea or the addition of antiemetics.

Abbreviation: OLZ, olanzapine.

Correlation between OLZ dose and effect of OLZ in increasing food intake

Finally, we validated whether a dose of >1.5 mg/day of OLZ was superior to 1.5 mg/day, the minimum dose, in increasing the food intake. As a result, there was no significant difference in food intake between a dose of 1.5 mg/day and a dose of >1.5 mg/day, ranging from 1.83 to 5.0 (2.9±0.91; mean±SD) mg/day of OLZ among nausea-free cancer-related anorexia patients (P=0.18, Welch’s unpaired t-test) (Figure 4).

Adverse effects

The adverse effects caused by OLZ treatment were described in the CTCAE. No patient showed extrapyramidal symptoms during the observational period. The major adverse effect was somnolence, which was shown by 18 out of 40 patients without nausea or the addition of antiemetics (Table 3). Although the lower dose of OLZ tended to be chosen in patients who had already been somnolent or had a history of drowsiness due to medication, 1 patient taking 1.5 mg/day of OLZ showed Grade 2 somnolence.

Table 3 Somnolence caused by OLZ in 40 patients without nausea or the addition of antiemetics

Dose of OLZ somnolence	1.5 mg/day (n=13)	>1.5 mg/day (n=27)	Total
Grade 1	6	9	15
Grade 2	1	2	3
Total	7	11	18

Notes: Grade 1: mild but more than usual drowsiness or sleepiness. Grade 2: moderate sedation, limiting instrumental activities of daily life.

Abbreviation: OLZ, olanzapine.

Discussion

Our current study was performed by comparing the average food intake before and after the start of OLZ treatment in order to validate that OLZ has an ameliorating effect on cancer anorexia. Although it may be uncertain whether the average food intake directly reflects the appetite, the significant increase of food intake strongly implies that there is some improvement in appetite. In addition, good quality and well-portioned meals containing appropriate food types are served three times a day at all hospitals in Japan, and are adjusted according to each patient’s condition. Each patient’s food intake, including between-meal intake, is tracked in nursing reports in order to monitor the patient’s condition in detail, and all nurses in Japan are trained to quantify the food intake ensuring inter-rater reliability. Our current study was retrospective, but was, therefore, performed more accurately and objectively based on the food intake already cited in nursing reports.

In our study, the average of all patients’ food intake significantly increased in the 3 days after starting OLZ treatment, even in cancer patients without nausea or the addition of antiemetics, which strongly supports our hypothesis that OLZ has an ameliorating effect on cancer-related anorexia. In addition, our study revealed that the effective dose of OLZ in cancer anorexia was very low (1.5 mg/day). Our result is consistent with the previous report showing that low-dose OLZ monotherapy (mean dose: 4.13 mg/day) is effective in girls with anorexia nervosa, suggesting that OLZ at a lower dose can be a possible therapeutic agent against cancer-related anorexia, while causing fewer adverse effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms and somnolence.¹⁷

Considering the time course of the average daily food intake in 13 patients treated with OLZ at 1.5 mg/day (Figure 5), there were responders and nonresponders. Interestingly, the responders’ average food intake for 3 days before OLZ treatment was between >25% and <75%, whereas the nonresponders’ average food intake for 3 days before OLZ treatment was <25% (Patients I, J, and K) or >75% (Patients A and B). Together with the report that OLZ had no significant effect on weight loss in patients with cachexia due to advanced cancer, our report suggests that OLZ may ameliorate cancer-related anorexia prior to the cachectic stage.¹⁶

A previous report suggested the presence of a dose effect for OLZ (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/day) in the treatment of nausea in advanced cancer patients,¹⁸ but, although there may be a tendency, we could not find an obvious dose-dependent difference between a dose of 1.5 mg/day and doses of >1.5 mg/day in terms of the efficacy of OLZ in treating cancer-related anorexia. In fact, the dose of OLZ was increased in 2 cases (1.5→2.5, 2.5→5, respectively), but neither resulted in an increase in food intake (data not shown). These results further support our hypothesis that OLZ ameliorates cancer-related anorexia at a low-dose, and also imply that there is no need to increase the dose of OLZ even when a low-dose of OLZ is not effective.

Our current study has many limitations due to the small study population and the retrospective methodology. For example, the observation period might be too short to evaluate whether OLZ’s efficacy is sustained or not. However, patients were discharged soon from our hospital when their appetite was increased, which made our observation period limited. Another concern is that patients in this study have so many differences in their age, the primary cancer sites, their chemotherapy regimens, and receiving treatments. However, despite these limitations, this study shows that low-dose OLZ can be an effective and safe solution in cases of cancer-related anorexia. This is a preliminary retrospective study that we expect will contribute to the design of a future clinical trial to investigate the ameliorating efficacy of OLZ in cancer-related anorexia.

Conclusion

We have herein reported our single-institution 8-year experience treating cancer-related anorexia with low-dose OLZ. The food intake increased in the 3 days after the start of OLZ in cancer patients without nausea, strongly suggesting that OLZ has an ameliorating effect on cancer-related anorexia that is independent of its antiemetic efficacy. The effective dose of OLZ in cancer-related anorexia was 1.5 mg/day, and there was no dose-dependent difference in effect between a dose of 1.5 mg/day and a dose of >1.5 mg/day. Although more clinical studies are required to confirm the effectiveness of OLZ, low-dose OLZ is a promising treatment for cancer-related anorexia.

Author contributions

All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting and revising the article, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Acknowledgments

The authors sincerely thank Ms. Fujisawa, a palliative care nurse and a member of our palliative care team at Chiba University Hospital, for her excellent work on creating a database of inpatients who consulted with our palliative care team at the hospital.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.