Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Was Associated With Favorable Survival Outcomes For Patients With Clinically Node-Negative Asian Melanoma

Abstract

Purpose

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is the standard management for clinically node-negative cutaneous melanoma patients. This study aimed to evaluate the role of SLNB in Taiwanese melanoma patients and in particular, patients with acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM).

Patients and methods

We retrospectively analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes of the patients who underwent primary surgery followed by either SLNB or nodal observation at the Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from January 2000 to December 2011.

Results

Among the total of 209 patients, 127 underwent SLNB and 51 underwent nodal observation only after primary surgery. There were no significant differences in clinicopathological features between the two groups except that patients who underwent SLNB were older and had a higher rate of ALM than those under nodal observation. The median follow-up time was 43.5 months until July 2013. The patients who underwent SLNB had significantly better disease-free survival (DFS) (57.1 vs 18.7 months, p < 0.01) and melanoma-specific survival (MSS) (112.4 vs 45.2 months, p < 0.01) than those under observation. Improvement in DFS (HR: 0.51, p < 0.01) and MSS (HR: 0.60, p = 0.03) was observed even after adjusting for age and disease pathology by multivariate analysis. This benefit of clinical outcomes persisted in patients with ALM, Breslow thickness ≤2 mm, or no ulceration, but not in patients with non-ALM, Breslow thickness >2 mm, or ulceration.

Conclusion

SLNB was associated with favorable outcomes in patients with clinically node-negative cutaneous melanoma, particularly in Taiwanese patients with ALM, Breslow thickness ≤2 mm, and nonulcerated melanoma.

Keywords:

• cutaneous melanoma
• sentinel lymph node biopsy
• acral lentiginous melanoma
• nodal observation

Introduction

Cutaneous melanoma is the malignancy arising from melanocytes of the skin. It accounts for less than 5% of skin cancers but is responsible for 80% of the deaths from skin cancers; therefore, it is the most serious and aggressive skin cancer and one of the leading causes of death in the USA.^1,2 However, it occurs infrequently in Asians, in whom acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is the most common subtype of melanoma.^3–8 In contrast to non-ALM, physical stress rather than sun exposure is the major risk factor and possible cause for ALM.^9,10 Previous studies showed ALM has a deeper Breslow thickness than non-ALM, and Asian ALM patients have more Breslow thickness >4 mm than Caucasians and black individuals,¹¹ indicating that Asian ALM is a distinct subtype of cutaneous melanoma.¹² The difference in pathophysiology between ALM and non-ALM could be the reasons for distinct disease natures; therefore, the therapeutic options for Western melanoma might not be applied in Asian melanoma completely.

Morton et al¹³ demonstrated sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in 1992, which can accurately identify patients with occult nodal metastasis which was not found clinically before surgery.^13,14 Nowadays, SLNB has become an alternative option of elective lymph node dissection (ELND) and the standard of care in the treatment of clinically node-negative melanoma¹⁵ based on one randomized phase III study, Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial (MSLT)-1 trial, demonstrating the survival of SLNB-identified node-positive melanoma patients possibly could be improved by immediate lymph node dissection (LND).^16,17 However, this study failed to demonstrate the survival benefit in the SLNB group compared to the nodal observation group. Some clinicians criticized the role of SLNB because of false-positive results, cost-effectiveness issue, no benefit of overall survival, and so on.^18–20

The reason why the MSLT-1 trial demonstrated no difference for overall survival might be the lower nodal positive rate <20% in all patients leading to underestimating the overall efficacy of SLNB.¹⁹ One of our retrospective studies reported 127 Taiwanese patients who underwent SLNB, whose positive rate was found to be 34.6%, which was higher than the MSLT-1 study.⁷ As there are differences in the prevalence and pathophysiology of pathologic subtypes between Western and Asian countries, we aimed to retrospectively analyze the contribution of SLNB to the outcomes in patients with clinically node-negative cutaneous melanoma in Taiwanese patients with ALM predominant melanoma and higher positive rate of SLNB.

Materials And Methods

Patients

A total of 465 melanoma patients were treated at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CGMH) at Linkou branch in Taiwan from January 2000 to December 2011, and medical records of melanoma patients were retrospectively reviewed. We aimed to analyze the role of SLBN in cutaneous melanoma so the patients with operable cutaneous melanoma were enrolled in the current study; therefore, patients with mucosal melanoma, ocular melanoma, melanoma in situ, and metastatic/inoperable melanoma were excluded. A total of 209 patients with operable cutaneous melanoma underwent curative intent surgery including wide excision of the primary melanoma tumor with or without management of regional lymph nodes. The clinicopathological features and clinical survival outcomes of melanoma patients who underwent SLNB or had nodal observation were included for further analysis. Neither of these patients underwent adjuvant therapy with high-dose interferon-α, chemotherapy, targeted therapy²¹ or immune checkpoint inhibitors^22,23 which showed their efficacy in adjuvant setting. Melanoma patients were staged according to the 7th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system published in 2010.²⁴ Patients who were diagnosed before 2010 were restaged using the AJCC 7th edition. This study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of CGMH (101-0757B). The patients’ consent to review their medical records was not required by the IRB of CGMH as this is a retrospective study and the investigators have the responsibility to keep patient data confidentiality and compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

All patients underwent wide excision of the primary melanoma with or without SLNB. The detailed protocol of SLNB performed in the current study was published in our previous reports.^7,25 The patients who had a positive SLN underwent complete lymph node dissection (CLND). Lymph node sampling indicates random biopsy of regional lymph node without SLN mapping.

Statistical Considerations

Continuous data are presented as mean (range) and categorical data are presented as number (percentage). Both t-test and chi-square were used to examine the difference in the clinicopathological features between SLNB and nodal observation groups. Melanoma-specific survival (MSS) time was defined as the date from tumor excision to the death of melanoma, last follow-up, or data cutoff. Patients who died of causes other than melanoma were censored in the MSS analysis. Disease-free survival (DFS) time was defined as the date from tumor excision to the first evidence of recurrence, death, last follow-up, or data cutoff. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method with the log-rank p-value. The survival outcomes were adjusted for imbalanced factors using multivariate analysis. Subgroup analysis with univariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 21.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). The p-value <0.05 was considered statistical significance in the current study.

Results

Patient Characteristics

Among the 209 patients who underwent curative intent surgery, 127 patients underwent successful SLNB, 51 patients had nodal observation only (including 3 patients whose SLNB failed), 28 patients underwent CLND (including 2 patients whose SLNB failed), and 3 patients underwent lymph node sampling (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Flowchart of information regarding patient enrollment.

Between the SLNB group and nodal observation group, there were no significant differences in clinicopathological features except that patients who underwent SLNB were older (mean age, 63.7 vs 58.1 years, p = 0.03) and had a higher rate of ALM (70.9% vs 47.1%, p = 0.02) than those under nodal observation. Most melanomas located over the lower extremity had Breslow thickness >2 cm and Clark level of IV or V (Table 1).

Table 1 Patients’ Characteristics In SLNB And Nodal Observation Group

Number (%)	Nodal Observation (n=51)	SLNB (n=127)	p-Value
Sex			0.38
Female	22 (43.1%)	64 (50.4%)
Male	29 (56.9%)	63 (49.7%)
Age, mean (years, range)	58.1(23–86)	63.7(6–87)	0.03
<55	22 (43.1%)	29 (22.8%)	0.02
55–65	7 (13.7%)	29 (22.8%)
>65	22 (43.1%)	69 (54.4%)
Pathology			0.02
ALM	24 (47.1%)	90 (70.8%)
NM	17 (33.3%)	19 (15.0%)
SSM	5 (9.8%)	11 (8.7%)
Other	5 (9.8%)	7 (5.5%)
Location			0.09
Upper extremity	7 (13.7%)	14 (11%)
Lower extremity	32 (62.8%)	100 (78.8%)
Head and neck	5 (9.8%)	4 (3.1%)
Truck and back	7 (13.7%)	9 (7.1%)
T (Breslow thickness)			0.06
1 (0–1 mm)	2 (3.9%)	12 (9.4%)
2 (1.01–2 mm)	3 (5.9%)	33 (26%)
3 (2.01–4 mm)	11 (21.6%)	38 (30.0%)
4 (>4 mm)	17 (33.3%)	36 (28.3%)
Unknown	18 (35.3%)	8 (6.3%)
Ulceration			0.43
Yes	17 (33.3%)	52 (40.9%)
No	16 (31.4%)	67 (52.8%)
Unknown	18 (35.3%)	8 (6.3%)
Clark level			0.15
I–III	7 (13.7%)	15 (11.8%)
IV and V	24 (47.1%)	106 (83.5%)
Unknown	20 (39.2%)	6 (4.7%)

Abbreviations: SLNB, sentinel lymph node biopsy; ALM, acral lentiginous melanoma; SSM, superficial spreading melanoma; NM, nodular melanoma.

DFS And MSS Between SLNB And Observation Groups

By July 2013, the median follow-up time was 43.5 months in all cohorts. The patients in the observation group had shorter follow-up time than in the SLNB group (median 37.6 vs 47.6 months, p =0.04), possibly resulting from shorter survivals for patients in the observation group. The patients who underwent SLNB had significantly better DFS (median, 57.1 vs 18.7 months, p < 0.01) and MSS (median, 112.4 vs 45.2 months, p < 0.01) than those under nodal observation (Figure 2). Improved DFS (HR: 0.46, p < 0.01) and MSS (HR: 0.56, p = 0.01) were observed even after adjusting for age and disease pathology (Table 2).

Table 2 Multivariate Analysis Including Unbalanced Factors

	Disease-Free Survival		Melanoma-Specific Survival
	HR (95% CI)	p-Value	HR (95% CI)	p-Value
Age (Continuous, per year)	1.00(0.98–1.01)	0.507	1.01(1.00–1.02)	0.21
Pathology
Non-ALM	1		1
ALM	0.77(0.50–1.18)	0.23	0.46(0.29–0.71)	<0.01
Lymph node management
Nodal observation	1		1
SLNB	0.46(0.30–0.71)	< 0.01	0.56(0.35–0.87)	0.01

Abbreviations: SLNB, sentinel lymph node biopsy; ALM, acral lentiginous melanoma.

Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier survival curves of DFS (A) and MSS (B) in melanoma patients with SLNB and nodal observation. The patients who underwent SLNB (n = 127) had significantly better DFS (median, 57.1 vs 18.7 months, p < 0.01) and MSS (median, 112.4 vs 45.2 months, p < 0.01) than those under nodal observation (n = 51).

Abbreviations: DFS, disease-free survival; MMS, melanoma-specific survival; SLNB, sentinel lymph node biopsy.

Subgroup Analysis In Patients With ALM Or Non-ALM

To understand the benefit of SLNB in patients with ALM or non-ALM as ALM is the most common subtype in Asian patients, subgroup (ALM or non-ALM) analysis was performed. Among the patients with ALM, those who underwent SLNB (n = 90) had a significantly better DFS (median, 62.6 vs 19.3 months, p < 0.01) and a favorable trend of MSS (median, not reached vs 45.2 months, p = 0.05) compared to those under nodal observation (n = 24) (Figure 3). However, among the patients with non-ALM, DFS (median, 16.7 vs 16 months, p = 0.38) and MSS (median, 51.4 vs 41.3 months, p = 0.11) did not differ between the patients who underwent SLNB (n = 37) and those under nodal observation (n = 27) (Figure 4).

Figure 3 Kaplan–Meier survival curves of DFS (A) and MSS (B) in ALM patients with SLNB and nodal observation. Those who underwent SLNB (n = 90) had a significantly better DFS (median, 62.6 vs 19.3 months, p < 0.01) and a favorable trend of MSS (median, not reached vs 45.2 months, p = 0.05) compared to those under nodal observation (n = 24).

Abbreviations: DFS, disease-free survival; MMS, melanoma-specific survival; ALM, acral lentiginous melanoma; SLNB, sentinel lymph node biopsy.

Figure 4 Kaplan–Meier survival curves of DFS (A) and MSS (B) in non-ALM patients with SLNB and nodal observation. Among the patients with non-ALM, DFS (median, 16.7 vs 16 months, p = 0.38) and MSS (median, 51.4 vs 41.3 months, p = 0.11) did not differ between the patients who underwent SLNB (n = 37) and those under nodal observation (n = 27).

Abbreviations: DFS, disease-free survival; MMS, melanoma-specific survival; ALM, acral lentiginous melanoma; SLNB, sentinel lymph node biopsy.

Subgroup Analyses Of DFS And MSS

To understand the benefit of SLNB in certain subgroups of all patients, additional subgroup analysis was performed. We further performed subgroup analyses to identify patients who had better DFS and MSS after SLNB. Patients in the SLNB group with ALM (HR = 0.32, 95% CI=0.19–0.56, p<0.01), Breslow thickness ≤2 mm (HR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.04–0.41, p < 0.01), no ulceration (HR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.16–0.72, p < 0.01) had a significantly better DFS than those in the observation group. Patients in the SLNB group without ulceration had a significantly better MSS than those in the observation group as well (HR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.13–0.78, p = 0.01) (Table 3).

Table 3 Subgroup Analyses Of Disease-Free Survival And Melanoma-Specific Survival (SLNB Vs Nodal Observation)

	Disease-Free Survival		Melanoma-Specific Survival
HR (95% CI)	p-Value	HR (95% CI)	p-Value
Pathology
ALM	0.32 (0.19–0.56)	<0.01	0.53 (0.28–1.01)	0.05
Non-ALM	0.76 (0.40–1.41)	0.38	0.60 (0.32–1.14)	0.19
Breslow thickness
≤2 mm	0.12 (0.04–0.41)	<0.01	0.29 (0.06–1.40)	0.13
>2 mm	0.70 (0.41–1.20)	0.19	0.72 (0.41–1.29)	0.27
Ulceration
Yes	0.72 (0.38–1.36)	0.31	0.85 (0.42–1.69)	0.63
No	0.34 (0.16–0.72)	<0.01	0.31(0.13–0.78)	0.01

Abbreviations: SLNB, sentinel lymph node biopsy; ALM, acral lentiginous melanoma.

Discussion

This retrospective study compared 127 patients receiving successful SLNB to 51 patients having only nodal observation after primary surgery in a single institute in Taiwan. In the current study, SLNB followed by immediate LND was associated with favorable DFS and MSS in clinically node-negative cutaneous melanoma patients. This benefit of clinical outcomes persisted in patients with ALM, Breslow thickness ≤2 mm, or no ulceration but not in patients with non-ALM, Breslow thickness >2 mm, or ulceration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the benefit of SLNB in Asia, where a higher SLNB positive rate was found than in Western countries.^7,26–29 Besides, this study is also the first report concerning the predictive role of ALM.

In an early prospective study comparing ELND with clinical observation of the lymph nodes in 740 patients with intermediate-thickness melanoma (1.0–4.0 mm), ELND only benefits patients with a Breslow thickness of 1.0–2.0 mm, nonulcerated melanoma, and limb melanoma.³⁰ Thereafter, SLNB becomes the alternative option of ELND due to the procedure being minimally invasive and having reliable staging and limited morbidity.¹³ These results were consistent with our findings that SLNB benefitted patients with Breslow thickness ≤2 mm, nonulcerated melanoma, and ALM. In addition, although previous studies considered that thin melanoma (Breslow thickness ≤1.0 mm) had a very low risk of regional metastases and would not have benefitted from SLNB,³¹ we still routinely performed SLNB in patients with thin melanoma because the positive rate of thin melanoma was 25% in our previous study.⁷

Previous studies failed to demonstrate the survival impact of SLNB in overall patients.^16,17,30 The MSLT-1 trial indicated that the SLNB only benefits the survival in patients with nodal metastases because of the lower rates of node metastases and fewer events of recurrence and death than in Asian melanoma patients, who predominantly have ALM.^16,17 In contrast, the current study demonstrated the survival benefit in patients undergoing SLNB comparing to nodal observation in Asian melanoma, particularly in ALM which has more aggressive disease nature than non-ALM. Therefore, we highly suggested SLNB should be performed in clinically node-negative Asian melanoma patients.

The data in the current study were collected before the era of targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors which have been approved to be the standard of care in advanced^32-34 or resectable^22,35 melanoma; therefore, the survival outcomes after surgery in current study have not been confounded by such effective treatment nowadays. SLNB was associated with favorable survival outcomes in terms of DFS and MSS in Asian melanoma without the interference of targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors.

There were several limitations to the current study. There was a bias in this retrospectively single-institutional study. The numbers of patients in SLNB and nodal observation were imbalanced even though we tried to analyze the survival outcomes by adjusting imbalanced factors. In addition, some pathologic factors were missing because the main tumors were removed by excisional biopsy at local hospitals and the residual tumors from further wide excision at CGMH were insufficient for measurement of thickness or ulceration. Furthermore, the numbers in some subgroups were limited to perform subgroup analyses; therefore, our study could merely provide additional information in subgroup analyses. A larger study is still warranted to validate these findings.

Conclusion

SLNB was associated with favorable survival outcomes in patients with clinically node-negative cutaneous melanoma, particularly in Taiwanese patients with ALM, Breslow thickness ≤2 mm, and nonulcerated melanoma. Therefore, this retrospective study should motivate further study in similar patient populations, particularly in a prospective manner.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Acknowledgment

The abstract of this paper was presented at the XXII International Pigment Cell Conference (IPCC) as a poster presentation with interim findings. The poster’s abstract was published in “Poster Abstracts” in the Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research: Hyperlink with DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pcmr.12292.