Abstract
Objective
This study set out to investigate the effect of miR-1253 on lung cancer progression through targeted regulation of ANXA3.
Methods
RT-PCR was employed to detect the miR-1253 expression levels in lung cancer cells and its targeted gene ANXA3 mRNA determined by biological information prediction. MTT, invasion and apoptosis rate tests were employed to detect the proliferation, invasion and apoptosis rate of lung cancer cells over-expressing miR-1253 or those with low expression of ANXA3 and the expression of related proteins.
Results
RT-qPCR results manifested that the miR-1253 level was down-regulated in lung cancer tissues and cells, and the ANXA3 expression increased. The miR-1253 and ANXA3 expression levels were negatively correlated. miR-1253 was correlated with tumor differentiation degree, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis of lung cancer patients. Cell tests confirmed that miR-1253 played a tumor-inhibiting function, including inhibiting proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cells and promoting apoptosis. Bioinformatics prediction and subsequent experiments proved that ANXA3 was the direct target of miR-1253. Moreover, after the ANXA3 expression in lung cancer cells was knocked down, proliferation and invasion of those cells were inhibited dramatically, the apoptosis rate increased markedly, and the expression levels of pro-apoptosis-related proteins Bax and caspase-3 were up-regulated, and the anti-apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 expression was down-regulated.
Conclusion
miR-1253 can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cells and promote their apoptosis by targeting ANXA3. It can be used as a new potential target for lung cancer treatment.
Introduction
Lung cancer (LC), as one of the most frequent malignancies, is also one of the main types of cancer-induced death.Citation1 In recent years, with the deterioration of the natural environment and the change of living habits, the morbidity of LC has become higher and higher, posing serious risks to human life and health.Citation2 Although good advancement has been made in its diagnosis and treatment with the progress of medical technology recently, the prognosis of LC patients is still poor due to its rapid progression, high metastasis rate, high recurrence rate, etc.Citation3,Citation4 Therefore, it is quite significant to explore the pathogenesis and development mechanism of LC for its diagnosis and treatment clinically.
miRNA is a non-coding microRNA with a length of about 18–25 nucleotides, which has been found to be effective in various diseases, especially tumors in the past.Citation5 Previous studiesCitation6,Citation7 have shown that miRNA can act as both cancer-promoting gene and tumor-suppressor gene in tumors. They have considered that miRNA imbalance plays a crucial part in the occurrence of tumors, having an impact on cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis. However, many studies have been discussed on the role of miRNA in LC. For example, researchCitation8 has found that miR-330-3p can directly target hSOD2b to advance LC cells’ invasion, migration and metastasis. All these signify that miRNA plays an essential part in its occurrence and development. As a member of miRNA, miR-1253 has also been reported to play a vital role in tumor in the past. For example, some studiesCitation9 have reported that miR-1253 can regulate the proliferation and development of prostate cancer by targeting EZH2.
The latest researchCitation10 has shown that the miR-1253 expression level has high predictive value for the prognosis of LC patients. In order to analyze the mechanism of miR-1253 in LC in depth, we found a targeted relationship between miR-1253 and ANXA3 through online website prediction, and further explored the mechanism of miR-1253.
Patients and Methods
Clinical Data
One hundred and two LC patients who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital from April 2015 to October 2016 were collected as research objects, including 62 male and 40 female patients. Through PCR test, we found that there were 40 Mycoplasma positive cases and 62 Mycoplasma negative cases. They were (58.31±3.28) years old on average. One hundred and two cases of LC tissue and 102 cases of paracancerous tissue were obtained during the operation with patients’ consent. Inclusion criteria: Patients diagnosed as LC by pathological diagnosis and those with an expected survival period over 3 months were included in the research group. Exclusion criteria: Patients with other malignancies, severe liver and kidney dysfunction, infection, blood or immune system disorders and those did not cooperate with the study were excluded. All patients and their families agreed to participate in the test and sign an informed consent form, and this test has been approved by The Third Affiliated Hospital of Peking University. This experiment conforms to the Declaration of Helsinki.
Cell Culture and Transfection
Human LC cell lines A549, H1299, H157, SPC-A-1 and human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) (ATCC) were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA), and the cells were cultured in a humid atmosphere at 37°C, 5% CO2. Through the detection of miR-1253 and ANXA3 expression in cell lines, we found that the miR-1253 expression in A549 and H157 cell lines was lower than that in other two groups, so these two cell lines were chosen for transfection and subsequent experiments. The miR-1253-mimics, miR-1253-Inhibitor, miR-NC, ANXA3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) (Si-AnxA3) and its negative control (si-NC) were transfected into cells by Lipofectamine™ 2000 kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA), and the operation steps were strictly conducted based on the kit instructions.
RT-PCR Detection
The total RNA in the tissue was extracted with Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, USA), and its purity and concentration were detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Then, every 5 μg of total RNA was taken, respectively, to reversely transcribe cDNA based on the instructions of the kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). Amplification conditions were as follows: PCR reaction conditions: pre-denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, denaturation at 94°C for 5 s, annealing extension at 60°C for 30 s, a total of 40 cycles. miR-1253 employed U6 as internal reference, ANXA3 employed GAPDH as internal reference, and data were analyzed by.−ΔΔct11 The primer sequences are shown in .
Table 1 Primer Sequence Table
Cell Proliferation Was Detected via MTT Assay
Based on the instructions of MTT Kit (Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), LC cell lines transfected for 48 h were inoculated into 96-well plates, each well was inoculated with about 5000 cells with a cell density of 3×104 cell/mL, and then incubated at 37°C. Altogether 10 µL of MTT solution was supplemented to each well for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. After the reagents were added, the cells were continuously cultured 4 h in an incubator, and then 150 µL of dimethyl sulfoxide was supplemented. After they were shaken for 10 min, the absorbance was surveyed at 490 nm using an enzyme reader to detect cell proliferation. This test was repeated three times.
Cell Invasion Detection (Transwell)
Cells transfected for 24 h were collected, adjusted to 3×105 cell/mL and inoculated on a 6-well plate, and inoculation and upper chamber were washed with PBS twice. Altogether 200 μL DMEM culture solution was supplemented to the upper chamber, and 500 mL of DMEM containing 20%FBS was supplemented to the lower chamber. Substrates and cells in the upper chamber that did not cross over the membrane surface were wiped off after culturing at 37°C for 48 h and cleaned 3 times with PBS. Then, they were fixed 10 min by paraformaldehyde, washed 3 times with double-distilled water, and stained by 0.5% crystal violet after drying. Finally, cell invasion was observed by a microscope.
Apoptosis Test
Cells were digested with 0.25% trypsin, cleaned twice with PBS after digestion, supplemented with 100 μL of binding buffer, prepared into 1×106/mL suspension, sequentially supplemented with AnnexinV-FITC and PI, incubated 5 min at room temperature in dark, and detected with FC500MCL flow cytometer system. We repeated this experiment 3 times and took the average value.
Western Blot Test
Total protein was extracted from the collected and cultured cells of each group via RIPA lysis method (Thermo Fisher, USA). Protein concentration was detected through BCA method and adjusted to 4 μg/μL. It was separated by 12% SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and then transferred to a PVDF membrane. The membrane was dyed with Ponceau S working solution, immersed 5 min in PBST (PBS+0.1%Tween 20) and then washed, blocked 2 h with 5% defatted milk powder, and finally blocked all night long at 4°C with Bax (1:500), Bcl-2 (1:500), caspase-3 (1:500), ANXA3 (1:1000) and β-Actin primary antibody (1:1000) (Cell Signaling Technology). It was washed to remove primary antibody. Horseradish peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:1000) (Abcam, USA) was supplemented to the membrane for a 1-hour incubation at 37°C. Soon afterwards, it was cleaned 3 times with PBS, for 5 min each time. Ultimately, it was developed in a darkroom by the enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (ECL), and its excess liquid was absorbed with a filter paper.
Dual-Luciferase Reporter Enzyme
Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was conducted to test whether ANXA3 was a direct target gene of miR-1253. ANXA3 3ʹUTR dual-luciferase reporter plasmids (WT and MUT) were constructed via RiboBio. They were co-transfected into cells with miR-1253 mimics or mimetic control, respectively, via Lipofectamine 2000. Forty-eight hours after incubation, luciferase activity was tested via a dual-luciferase assay system (Promega Corporation).
Statistical Methods
In this research, data were processed by SPSS 20.0 software, and relevant pictures were drawn by GraphPad Prism 6 software. The measurement data were presented as mean±standard deviation (SD±meas) and checked through t test. Inter-group comparison was under independent-samples t test and expressed as t. Multi-group comparison was under one-way analysis of variance. Post hoc pairwise comparison was under LSD-t test. Multi-time point expression was under repeated measures analysis of variance. Backtesting adopted Bonferroni and correlation analysis adopted Pearson. P<0.05 was seen as statistical difference.
Results
Expression and Clinical Significance of miR-1253 and ANXA3 in LC
The miR-1253 and ANXA3 mRNA levels were detected by qRT-PCR. The results revealed that the miR-1253 expression in LC tissues was dramatically lower than that in paracancerous tissues (P<0.05), and the ANXA3 mRNA expression was dramatically higher than that in paracancerous tissues (P<0.05). The miR-1253 expression in LC cell line was lower than that of BEAS-2B cell line (P<0.05), and the ANXA3 expression in LC cell line was higher than that of BEAS-2B cell line (P<0.05). Correlation analysis manifested that the miR-1253 and ANXA3 expression levels in LC tissue were negatively correlated (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis revealed that the AUC of miR-1253 for LC’s diagnosis was 0.892. According to the mean expression of miR-1253, patients were divided into high expression group (43 cases) and low expression group (59 cases). Further analysis of the relationship between miR-1253 and pathological data signified that miR-1253 was relevant to tumor differentiation, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis of LC patients (P<0.05). (, )
Table 2 Relationship Between miR-1253 and Clinicopathological Data of LC Patients
Figure 1 Expression and clinical significance of miR-1253 and ANXA3 in LC. (A) miR-1253 expression in LC tissues. (B) ANXA3 expression in LC tissues. (C) ROC of miR-1253 in diagnosing LC. (D) Correlation analysis between miR-1253 and ANXA3. (E) miR-1253 expression in LC cells. (F) ANXA3 expression in LC cells. * Indicates P<0.05.
miR-1253’s Effect on Biological Function of LC Cells
To study miR-1253ʹ effect on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of LC cells, A549 and H157 cells were transfected with miR-1253-mimics, miR-1253-inhibitor and miR-NC. Forty-eight hours after transfection, compared with miR-NC, miR-1253 in the two cells transfected with miR-1253 mimic increased obviously (P<0.05), and the miR-1253 expression in cells transfected with miR-NC decreased obviously (P<0.05). In addition, MTT assay, cell invasion and flow apoptosis assay were performed after transfection. The results showed that the miR-1253 over-expression greatly inhibited proliferation (P<0.05) and invasion (P<0.05) of A549 and H157 cells, and promoted apoptosis. And WB experiment confirmed that the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and caspase-3 protein expression levels in cells increased, and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression was down-regulated (P<0.05). The proliferation and invasion of cells transfected with miR-1253-inhibitor were markedly enhanced, the apoptosis rate decreased dramatically (P<0.05), and the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and caspase-3 protein expression levels decreased, while the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression was up-regulated (P<0.05). ()
Figure 2 Effect of miR-1253 on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of LC cells. (A) miR-1253 expression in LC cells after transfection. (B) Effect of miR-1253 on proliferation of LC cells. (C) Effect of miR-1253 on invasion ability of LC cells. (D) Effect of miR-1253 on apoptosis of LC cells. (E) Effect of miR-1253 on apoptosis-related cells in LC cells. * Indicates P<0.05.
Effect of Down-Regulation of ANXA3 Expression on Biological Function of LC Cells
In order to confirm whether the tumor inhibitory effect of miR-1253 in LC was mediated by ANXA3, we knocked down the ANXA3 expression in A549 and H157 cells. Western blot analysis identified that after transfection with si-ANXA3, ANXA3 was down-regulated in A549 and H157 cells (P<0.05). After transfection, MTT assay and cell invasion assay manifested that si-ANXA3 remarkably inhibited the proliferation and invasion of A549 and H157 cells and promoted their apoptosis (P<0.05). WB experiment revealed that the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 expression levels increased and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression decreased in the cells knocked down the ANXA3 expression. These results further indicated that ANXA3 was the direct functional target of miR-1253 in LC ().
Figure 3 Effect of downregulation of ANXA3 expression on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of LC cells. (A) ANXA3 expression in LC cells after transfection. (B) Effect of ANXA3 on proliferation of LC cells. (C) Effect of ANXA3 on the invasive ability of LC cells. (D) Effect of ANXA3 on apoptosis of LC cells. (E) Effect of ANXA3 on apoptosis-related cells in LC cells. * Indicates P<0.05.
Dual-Luciferase Reporter Enzyme
In order to explore miR-1253’s potential mechanism in LC, bioinformatics analysis was conducted to predict the target gene of miR-1253. ANXA3 was identified as its target gene. Luciferase reporter gene assay was conducted to check whether the 3ʹUTR of ANXA3 could be directly targeted by miR-1253. The results revealed that the miR-1253 over-expression decreased the luciferase activity of ANXA3 3ʹ UTR Wt (P<0.05), but had no effect on ANXA3 3ʹ UTR Mut. What is more, Western blot showed that the ANXA3 protein expression in A549 and H157 cells mock transfected with miR-1253 was down-regulated, but in LC cells transfected with miR-1253-inhibitor, it was markedly up-regulated (P<0.05). ()
Figure 4 Dual-luciferase reporter enzyme. (A) Effect of miR-1253 on ANXA3 dual-luciferase reporter enzyme activity. (B) Effect of miR-1253 on ANXA3 protein expression. * Indicates P<0.05.
Rescue Experiment
Through co-transfection of miR-1253-inhibitor+si-ANXA3 to A549 and H157 cells, their proliferation, invasion and apoptosis were detected. The results signified that the three of transfected miR-1253-inhibitor+si-ANXA3 cells were not different from those of transfected miR-NC cells, while those were dramatically enhanced and decreased compared with those of transfected si-ANXA3 cells, which indicated that miR-1253-inhibitor could reverse the effect of si-ANXA3 on LC cells. WB detection revealed that the Bax, caspase-3, and Bcl-2 expression levels in transfected miR-1253-inhibitor+si-ANXA3 cells were not different from those in transfected miR-NC cells, and the Bcl-2 protein expression was obviously higher than that in transfected si-ANXA3 cells, while the Bax protein and caspase-3 protein expression levels were dramatically lower (P<0.05). ()
Figure 5 Rescue experiment. (A) Effect of miR-1253-inhibitor+si-ANXA3 on proliferation of LC cells. (B) Effect of miR-1253-inhibitor+si-ANXA3 on invasion ability of LC cells. (C) Effect of miR-1253-inhibitor+si-ANXA3 on apoptosis rate of LC cells. (D) Effect of miR-1253-inhibitor+si-ANXA3 on apoptosis-related proteins in LC cells. * Indicates P<0.05.
Discussion
LC is the principal reason for cancer-related death all over the world currently, and the mechanism of its occurrence and development has always been the focus of medical research.Citation12 Although advances in medical technology in recent years have enabled people to have a certain understanding of the development of LC, it is impossible to accurately evaluate every process of its development.Citation13 miRNA’s important role in tumors has been continuously verified and confirmed, including LC. For instance, researchCitation14 found that miR-203 could inhibit their proliferation, invasion and migration by down-regulating RGS17. Therefore, the analysis of miRNA’s influence on LC progression has momentous clinical significance for the diagnosis and treatment of patients.
miR-1253 has been found to act as a tumor-suppressor gene in some tumors. For example, researchCitation15 found that inhibiting miR-1253 expression could promote the development of prostate cancer. In our study, we first found that the miR-1253 expression in LC tissues and cells was dramatically down-regulated, and further analyzed its clinical significance. We found that miR-1253 had high diagnostic value for LC, and its expression was bound up with the pathological stage, differentiation degree and lymph node metastasis of patients. This further indicates that miR-1253 may be crucial in LC’s occurrence and development. Rapid development, high recurrence and metastasis of LC usually lead to poor prognosis, so it is quite significant for those patients to know how to inhibit its progression.Citation16,Citation17 Therefore, in order to observe miR-1253’s effect on the progression of LC, we regulated the miR-1253 expression in those cells and observed their changes after the regulation of miR-1253. We observed that when we over-expressed miR-1253 in LC cells, their proliferation and invasion were obviously inhibited, but the apoptosis rate increased dramatically. Bax and Bcl-2 belong to the BCL family; previous studiesCitation18 showed that increased Bax expression might induce apoptosis, while increased Bcl-2 expression might inhibit apoptosis. Caspase-3 belongs to the cysteine protease family, which is the main effector in the process of apoptosis; its activation marks the irreversibility of apoptosis.Citation19 The changes of apoptosis-related proteins were consistent with the trend of apoptosis rate. However, when we further inhibited the miR-1253 expression, we observed the opposite cell phenotype. This suggested that miR-1253 could inhibit the development of tumor cells and promote their apoptosis. In the past, its role in tumor was also found to be a tumor-suppressor gene. For example, researchCitation20 found that miR-1253 could inhibit the malignant behavior of osteosarcoma by regulating FOXF1. Another studyCitation21 discovered that inhibiting miR-1253 could promote the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. This was consistent with the role of miR-1253 found in LC.
It is well known that miRNA affects cell function by binding its target genes.Citation22 Previous studiesCitation23 have also pointed out that miR-1253 can inhibit proliferation and invasion of non-small cell LC by targeting WNT5A, which is consistent with miR-1253’s effect on LC cells found in the above studies. However, each miRNA has more than one target gene. We found that ANXA3 was also the direct target of miR-1253 through bioinformatics prediction. It is a member of the annexin family, which can be combined with calcium-dependent acidic phospholipids.Citation24 Previous studies have indicated that ANXA3 is essential in the occurrence and development of tumors.Citation25 For example, it is reported that ANXA3 is a potential biomarker in bladder cancerCitation26 and gastric cancer.Citation27 In our work, we found that the ANXA3 expression in LC tissues and cells increased markedly, which signified that it might act as cancer-promoting gene in LC. Previously, the role of ANXA3 in tumors was also found to be increased in expression, and some studiesCitation28 also found that the ANXA3 expression in LC cells was dramatically higher than that in normal cells, which was consistent with our detection results. Previously, some studiesCitation29 have found that RNA interference silencing the expression of ANXA3 can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells, andCitation30 other studies have pointed out that the increased expression of ANXA3 will further enhance the tumorigenicity of liver cancer cells, which is consistent with our observation of the role of ANXA3 in lung cancer. Subsequently, in order to observe ANXA3’s effect on LC cells in depth, we down-regulated the ANXA3 expression in those cells. The results revealed that when we down-regulated its expression, their proliferation and invasion were dramatically inhibited, and the apoptosis rate increased dramatically. This also confirmed that ANXA3 acted as an oncogene in LC. Soon afterwards, in order to verify the targeted relationship between miR-1253 and ANXA3, we conducted dual-luciferase reporter enzyme experiments and rescue experiments. The results confirmed that there was indeed a targeted relationship between miR-1253 and ANXA3, and miR-1253-inhibitor could reverse the effect of si-ANXA3 on LC cells, and further demonstrated that miR-1253 influenced the development of LC by regulating ANXA3.
Conclusion
miR-1253 is low expressed in lung cancer and acts as a tumor-suppressor gene. The specific mechanism may be achieved by regulating the ANXA3, which may be a potential target for lung cancer treatment, which also provides a new target. There are still some inadequacies in this study. For example, first of all, we have yet to prove the effect of miR-1253 on tumor growth through in vivo tumor-forming tests. Secondly, we are still not clear about the downstream mechanism of ANXA3. Hence, we will carry out further basic experiments on this in future studies in order to provide more data support for our conclusions.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the General Program Fund of Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital (KYM2017015).
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