Abstract
Background
Globally lung cancer is one of the most common cancers, and is responsible for almost 20% of all cancer care costs. As a potential treatment for lung cancer, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy has become a novel scientific hotspot in recent decades. The present study aims at exploring the status and trends of the top frequently cited publications about the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for lung cancer via bibliometric analysis.
Methods
The publications concerning anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for lung cancer were searched on the core collection database of Web of Science, setting the time period for retrieval from 1950 to 2019. The top 100 most frequently cited publications were retrieved, and the bibliometric data were mainly accessed through an open online analysis platform and VOSviewer software.
Results
The cited frequencies about the top 100 cited publications ranged from 218 to 6248. These articles were published in 39 publications, which were mainly ranked in Q1. The top journal in terms of the number of the articles was the New England Journal of Medicine (16 articles). The most frequently nominated author was Brahmer, JR from Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, while the most contributing institution was Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer. The United States acted as the pioneer in this new field of research and led plentiful of national and international co-operations. Immunotherapy, nivolumab, cell lung-cancer, safety, and docetaxel appeared more frequently as keywords.
Discussions
To sum up, high quality journals, influential authors and institutions and research with high quality evidence were apt to attract more attention and possess more public credibility. Moreover, the bibliometric analysis is yielding up its advantage of identifying and analyzing the characteristics and changes in the intellectual structures of a special topic.
Introduction
Cancer ranks as the second or even the first cause of premature death in most countries,Citation1 for instance, lung cancer is persistently the leading cause of cancer death both in males and females. Therefore, as a disease, it contributes substantially to the global burden and health care costs, and is responsible for almost 20% of all cancer care costs.Citation2 Many endeavors focus on the prevention, screening, treatment, and palliation to curb the economic burden related to lung cancer.Citation1,Citation3 Fortunately, the improvements in treatment and early detection, as well as declines in smoking, have resulted in a continuous decline in the lung cancer death rate in recent decades.Citation4 Important advancements in the treatment of lung cancer have been achieved over the past two decades, increasing the understanding of the mechanisms of tumor progression, or tumor escape.
Immunotherapies of lung cancer, which are developed mainly based on the mechanisms of tumor escape, manipulate the immune system to reactivate the antitumor immune response and to overcome the pathways leading to escape. Multiple mechanisms have been described to account for the evolution of this escape, the most attractive one is up-regulating the expression of immune checkpoint proteins.Citation5 Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1, or B7-H1) is a co-stimulation receptor expressed by activated T cells, and binds to its ligand programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) leading to a transient or permanent inhibition of CD8+ T cells cytotoxic properties. PD-L1 protein expressions and tumor mutational burden have emerged as the most well-validated biomarkers in amount of lung cancer patients. Therefore, as a significant part of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, can help the immune system fight cancer. Over the past few decades, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy has developed targeting cancer at a striking rate. Continued research into novel first-line and second-line drugs and combination therapies have expanded the clinical benefit to a broader population and improved outcomes in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Citation6 Even though, significant overall survival benefits with the addition of PD-L1 antibody to standard chemotherapy have been shown in the treatment of extensive stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC), the overall benefit of immunotherapy in SCLC remains somewhat disappointing in comparison with the results seen in NSCLC.Citation7 Currently, there are several PD-1/PD-L1 blocking agents available in clinics, and immunotherapy-based regimen alone or in combination with chemotherapy is now the preferred option, including nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab.Citation8 Evidence shows that the use of immunotherapy has led to unprecedented survival benefits especially compared to treatment with chemotherapy alone in selected patients. The breakthroughs in immunotherapy have greatly benefited a subset of lung cancer patients, not only the NSCLC, but also the extensive-stage SCLC,Citation9 and the most important is that they are bringing forth a paradigm shift in the drugs approved for cancer treatmentCitation10 Antibody-drug conjugate therapy, another anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, has been widely concerned. Antitumor activity of lung cancer has been accomplished by conjugating antibodies with different effector molecules that accomplish cell death after antibody binding and internalisation. As an effective anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, growing clinical application highlights the importance of the recognition and management of its unique toxicity profile in lung cancer patients. Involving the dermatologic toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, endocrine toxicity, pneumonitis, and rheumatologic toxicity, the adverse effects of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy of lung cancer have been recognized recently.Citation5
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy is important in treating lung cancer, but there is no bibliometric analysis on researches in this field. The purpose of our study is to use bibliometric methods to analyze the top 100 most cited articles on anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for lung cancer, hoping to have a better understanding of current status and trend of those researches via analyzing their characteristics, and to summarize the reasons of high citation.
Materials and Methods
Data Sources
Publications concerning anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for lung cancer were retrieved from the Core Collection Database of the Science Citation Index in Web of Science of from 1950 to 2019 (updated to March 3, 2020). The search strategy was that combined the terms related to “lung cancer” and “anti-PD-1/PD-L1,” shown in the Supplementary Table S1. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) publications were written in English; (b) the types of publications were original articles and reviews. Retrieved publications were arranged in descending order according to the cited frequencies, and the top 100 most cited publications were finally pooled. Two independent reviewers separately evaluated the retrieved scientific works to identify those that were concerned with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for lung cancer. If there were different opinions, a third reviewer would be consulted, and consensus was finally achieved through discussion.
Data Extraction
The top 100 most frequently cited articles were retrieved, and the following information was extracted: the authors, the affiliations of the first authors and the corresponding authors, countries, the years of publication, the cited frequencies, article title, article types, journals, key words, and impact factor of the journals (2018 edition of Journal Citation Reports).
Statistical Analysis
The data were imported in Microsoft Excel 2007 software to descriptive statistical analyse, including those on publication year, authors, the affiliations, countries, journals, cited frequencies, etc. Apart from the Excel software, the bibliometric analysis were performed based on the online platform (https://bibliometric.com) and VOSviewer 1.6.14, which were applied to construct the bibliographic coupling network based on key words and co-authorship relations, so as to implement network visualization analysis.
Results
Characteristics of Included Studies
A total of 4,976 publications were retrieved from the Core Collection Database of Web of Science concerning to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for lung cancer, and the flow diagram for screening was shown in . All of the 100 most frequently cited publications were published between 2002 and 2018, from 0 to 27 articles each year, and 86% were published between 2014 and 2018. Of the publications, 81 were articles and 19 were reviews. These scientific works were published by researchers from 10 countries, and most were from the United States, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy (). They were published in 39 journals, and the impact factors ranged from 2.776 to 70.67 based on the 2018 edition of Journal Citation Reports, and the basic information of the journals is shown in . The average and median cited frequencies, range of citation number, and interquartile range of the 100 articles were 736, 368.5, 218 to 6248, and 268.5, respectively. The information of these scientific works was listed in Supplementary Table S2.
Table 1 Journals Publishing the Top 100 Most Frequently Cited Articles
Figure 1 The study flow diagram for screening.
Figure 2 The no. of publications of different countries.
The Top 10 Authors
Among the 100 publications, the researcher who published most articles was Brahmer JR from Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA, reaching a total of 11 publications, while the second author Pardoll DM came from the same institution (). Among the top 10 authors, all of them were from United States. Moreover, only three authors, Hellmann MD, Wolchok JD, and Rizvi NA, contributed to the research “Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer,”Citation11 while another seven authors all contributed to the most frequently cited research “Safety, activity, and immune correlates of Anti-PD-a antibody in cancer.”Citation12 All the authors had the H-index of at least 45, which meant that at most 45 of all one’ papers were cited at least 45 times. It is a certain that an higher h-index means the greater effect of publications.
Table 2 Top 10 Authors Who Most Frequently Contributed to the Articles
The Top 10 Institutions
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr) contributed to 45% of the top 100 cited articles, followed by The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (Univ Texas MD Anderson Can Ctr, 29%), and Johns Hopkins University (Johns Hopkins Univ, 26%) (). As shown in , the cooperation among 28 institutions presented visually. In consociation with Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, the network about institutions showed that there were 27 institutions, which were Weill Cornell Med Coll, Columbia Univ, Univ Sydney, INSERM, Genetech Inc, Univ Calif Los Angeles, Mayo Clin, Harvard Univ, Johns Hopkins Univ, Yale Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Beth Israel Deaconess Med, Sidney Kimmel Comprehens Canc, Univ Michigan, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Vanderbilt Univ, Yale Canc Ctr, Univ Chicago, Merck&Co Inc, Univ Washington, Bristol Myers Squibb, Univ Texas MD Anderson Canc Ct, Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Duke Univ, Ohio State Univ, Emory Univ. Moreover, three items were organized by cooperation, represented as different colors, red, green, and blue. Just as shown in the blue item, Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr and Weill Cornell Med Coll were in the same item. Meanwhile, in the red item, Yale Can Ctr and Yale Univ were within their own item. This suggested that different functional departments referred to the same institution.
Table 3 The Top 10 Institutions Contributing to the 100 Most Frequently Cited Articles
Figure 3 Institutions co-operation network visualization of the 100 most cited publications.
Researcher Coauthored Network Visualization
To analyze the coauthorship network based on the information of the authors, setting the minimum number of coauthors at 2, and then, 85 authors meet the thresholds of the total 843 authors. In network visualization shown in , each circle and label represented an author, and the size of circles represented the frequency of occurrence. The larger the circle was, the more frequently the circle-represented body appeared. As shown, the circles representing brahmer, jr., pardoll, dm., hellmann, md., chen, l., wolchok, jd., etc., mainly the same as shown were larger than others, which indicated that they contributed to more collaborating articles. And then, the more relevant the authors were, the closer the circles were located,Citation13 such as chen, l and sznol, mario. Lines linking two circles indicated that the two authors had appeared in the same publication. Therefore, connection lines derived from the former five authors were denser and thicker, indicating their closer relationship. Seven items were developed, which were mainly due to their contributions to the same publication.
Figure 4 Authors coauthorship network visualization of the 100 most frequently cited publications.
Keyword Co-Occurrence Network Visualization
VOSviewer software was also used to draw the network of keywords co-occurrence, setting the minimum number of occurrences at 10. As shown in , for the circles, larger circles representing keywords such as immunotherapy, nivolumab, cell lung-cancer, safety, and docetaxel, indicated that these keywords appeared more frequently. Immunotherapy, the origin of the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, has been extensively studied, and linked to 42 (87.5%) keywords.
Figure 5 Keywords co-occurrence network visualization of the 100 most frequently cited publications.
In network visualization, circles adopting various colors in graph represented different clusters. Four clusters were separated based on their association. In cluster 1, which was colored red, most of them were associated with the expression of PD-1, PD-L1 in lymphocytes, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, or T-cells of the patients with lung cancer, and the survival and safety of the treatment. In cluster 2, which was colored green, a portion of them were associated with the specific PD-1 blockade, such as pembrolizumab, and another drug nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab, while others were mainly associated with the specific patient, such as patients with solid tumors, cell lung cancer, melanoma, advanced melanoma, metastatic melanoma, and untreated melanoma. In cluster 3, which was colored blue, a portion of them were associated with the levels of the trials, such as multicenter, and phase-ⅲ, while others were mainly associated with the specific second-line chemotherapy drugs, such as docetaxel, and cisplatin. In cluster 4, which was colored yellow, most of them were associated with the biological effect of immunotherapy, such as activation, antitumor immunity, and responses.
Discussion
Bibliometric analysis or bibliometric methods, which originating from the field of library and information and motivating by the fast development of computers and the Internet, are now firmly established as scientific specialties and act as an integral part of research evaluation methodology especially within the scientific and applied fields.Citation14,Citation15 The methods are used increasingly in analyzing various aspects of science. In the present study, the top 100 most frequently cited publications in the field of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for lung cancer were retrieved to perform a bibliometric analysis.
Since the first article published in 2002, it had been cited for 2541 times, which provided implications for the design of T cell-based cancer immunotherapy mediated by one or more receptors other than PD-1.Citation16 The study concerning the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for lung cancer was still an emerging approach, which manifested as a large amount of scientific works and had attracted more attention in recent years. Among the top 100 cited articles, albeit the totally cited times ranged from 218 to 6,248, it was different sorting by the cited frequencies per year. In total, 33% of the publications were cited less than 100 times per year, while 8% were cited less than 50 times per year. In 2019, a clinical research was cited for 138 times, which was more than 100 times per year,Citation12 followed by a review and two articles cited 89, 80, and 50 times, which were cited no less than 50 times per year.Citation17–Citation19 The comparison suggested that the index cited times per year might be more precise to assess the academic influence of the publications. No matter what, the frequently cited publications, including the articles in 2019, which had higher levels of evidence, were more apt to be cited. Most of the articles about clinical research included randomized, large scale samples, and especially registered at clinical trials.gov.Citation17,Citation19,Citation20
Among the 39 journals, except for three journals rating at Q2, Neoplasia, American Journal of Clinical Oncology-Cancer Clinical Trials, and ClinicalTherapeutics, other journals were all rating at Q1. More than half of the articles were published in seven journals, including New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet Oncology, Journal of Clinical Oncology, Clinical Cancer Research, Annals of Oncology, Lancet, and Science. Three of them were comprehensive journals, while other four focused on the research of oncology. The New England Journal of Medicine, which published most articles (16%) and possessed the highest impact factor in the present study, had published the top three cited articles,Citation12,Citation21,Citation22 with the total citation reaching 13,835 times. For the three articles, they were associated with the safety, activity of anti-PD1 antibody in the patients with NSCLC, which suggested that the clinical outcome might be more attractive than the preclinical research about the mechanism of the PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint signaling inhibition. For the journals, all of them are peer-reviewed journals, and the publications are only possible because the arciles are high quality, including novel or at least prospective design, use of standardised definitions.Citation23 Apart from the above predefined criteria, the sample size and type of patient population also matter. Setting an example, research about the treatment of glioblastoma published in New England Journal of Medicine, which was cited more than 10,000 times, included a total of 573 patients from 85 centers.Citation24
According to the data of GLOBOCAN 2018, the highest incidence rates among men are observed in Micronesia/Polynesia, in Eastern Asia (rates are more than 40 per 100,000 in China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea), and in much of Europe, especially in Eastern Europe.Citation1 The incidence rate of lung cancer in Europe were much more than that in America. Nonetheless, most of the articles were from United States of America, European countries, and some developing Asian countries. The most significant reason is that the United States and Europe are pioneers in cancer immunotherapy. The first related article was published by an institution in the USA about the development a novel treatment paradigm. Moreover, the best-known pharmaceutical factory, Bristol-Myers Squibb, as the producer of the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agent Nivolumab (OPDIVO®) is located in the USA. Another reason is that Nivolumab (OPDIVO®) was approved by the FDA earlier than in other countries.
The statistics about the authors and the institutions suggested that the United States was the major country contributing to the studies in the field of immunotherapy for lung cancer. The top 10 authors carried influence in the academic world, presented as their higher H-index. They were all did their research at institutions in the USA, while four of them work in Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and three in Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center & Weill Cornell Medicine College. In addition, the top 10 institutions showed that 80% of them were located in USA, while the rest of them were in France. In network visualization of the institutions, the most important institution was Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, which co-operated with more than 25 native institutions, and two foreign institutions, INSERM, and Univ Paris Saclay. The cooperation among different institutions or different departments might be beneficial to data collection and to decrease the racial differences in the studies.Citation24,Citation25 More than that, the studies with big scale samples cooperated with multiple centers, another reason was that some authors were employed by different institutions.
In the coauthored network, outstanding researchers in this field were relatively concentrated, moreover, less of them had published more articles. Researchers such as Brahmer JR, Pardoll DM, and Taube JM from Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center had published more articles and they were in close contact with each other in the field. The reason may be that the chance of working together among them is much more than that of others due to they work in the same situation, which is beneficial to discuss the research designing, samples collecting, etc. The reason of close contact for other authors is probably due to multi-center research, even some international cooperations.Citation22
In the visualization of co-occurrence based on all keywords, the top 100 highly cited articles covered various aspects of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for lung cancer, such as the drugs used as immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and cell lung-cancer, for example, nivolumab, docetaxel,Citation22,Citation26 another crucial topic in the clinical research, therapy, blockade, safety, and clinical activity,Citation12 and expression, blockage, b7 family, and CTLA-4 blockade, which concerned in the type of anti-PD1/PD-L1 and other immune checkpoint blockade inhibitors.Citation27 In recent years, a variety of immunotherapies have been approved for clinical lung cancer, especially in NSCLC treatment.
In network visualization, the links between different keywords were also analyzed. The origin of the present study was to explore the acknowledge of immunotherapy for lung cancer, 42 keywords (87.5%) linked to immunotherapy. Based on the total link strength, the linking between immunotherapy and nivolumab, cell lung-cancer, safety, chemotherapy, docetaxol, blockage, b7 family, pd-1, pd-L1, expression, were ranked in sequence. Just as shown, the most important drugs as anti-PD1/PD-L1 treatment for cell lung-cancer were nivolumab and docetaxol. Nivolumab (OPDIVO®, Bristol-Myers Squibb), as PD-1 inhibitors, has been approved by the FDA and EMA as second-line therapy in metastatic NSCLC irrespectively of PD-L1 expression. The biological efficacy of Nivolumab on treatment for NSCLC was evident, however, development of immune-related adverse events was associated with survival outcomes of nivolumab treatment in patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC, and then early recognition and proper management of immune-related adverse events are important to maximize the therapeutic benefit of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in patients with NSCLC.Citation28 Another strategy to improve the efficacy of Nivolumab monotherapy in lung cancer is to combine it with ipilimumab, both in SCLC and NSCLC.Citation29,Citation30 Among patients with advanced NSCLC, the response rate was better with nivolumab plus ipilimumab than with nivolumab monotherapy, more than that, the first-line treatment with nivolumab plus ipilimumab resulted in a longer duration of overall survival than did chemotherapy in patients with late stage or recurrent NSCLC. The microtubule inhibitor, docetaxol (Taxotere®, Sanofi) was evaluated as second-line treatment for NSCLC. Considering that the checkpoint inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy are going to become the standard-of-care for first-line therapy, the combination of antiangiogenic drugs, such as nintedanib or ramucirumab, plus docetaxel, may become the new options for second-line therapy of nonsquamous NSCLC patients.Citation31 Docetaxel plus ramucirumab was associated with a significant improvement in overall survival and progression-free survival, relative to docetaxel, regardless of patient type. In other words, the efficacy of combined therapy of Docetaxel plus Ramucirumab showed irrespective of PD-L1 expression in NSCLC patients.Citation32 While Docetaxel plus nintedanib showed similar efficacy to docetaxel plus ramucirumab in the nonsquamous populations.Citation33
The management of lung cancer, especially NSCLC, has shifted dramatically in recent decades with an increase in the understanding of the biological characteristics and with the development of precision medicine. Different immune checkpoint inhibitors: anti PD-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and PD-L1 (atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab) medications were used in the patients with advanced lung cancer. Amount of data on the combinations of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with other therapies, such as immunotherapy, targeted therapy and chemotherapy, have been addressed, involving in the toxicity profile, and the efficacy of these agents. Immunotherapy has definitely altered the paradigm on the treatment of lung cancer, and the future is promising for the benefit of patients.
In general, the top 100 most frequently cited articles on anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for lung cancer were analyzed via bibliometrics combined with network visualization analysis, which yielding up the advantage of identifying and analyzing the characteristics and changes in the intellectual structures of a special topic. Most of the scientific works were published after the year 2000 on top journals, such as the New England Journal of Medicine. The United States acted as the pioneer and kept its leadership in this new field of research. The most important key words, such as immunotherapy, nivolumab, cell lung-cancer, safety, and docetaxel, were stressed. To sum up, the most important reason for the frequent citation of the publications might include the high quality journals, research with high quality evidence, and influential authors and institutions. Most importantly, this topic has attracted much more attention globally in recent years, suggesting that numerous studies on anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for lung cancer may arise in the future.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest for this work.
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